| 山仑.科学应对农业干旱[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(2):1~5 |
| 科学应对农业干旱 |
| To cope rationally with agricultural drought |
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| DOI：10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2011.02.01 |
| 中文关键词: 农业干旱 均衡增产 半旱地农业 非常规水源 以丰补歉 |
| 英文关键词:agricultural drought balanced increase of crop yield semi-dryland agriculture non-conventional water
sources to make up deficiency of poor-harvest year with surplus of abundant-harvest year |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 干旱是一个全球性问题。随着全球气候变暖和人类活动加剧,干旱有明显加重趋势。为应对我国面临的农业干旱需正确认识和把握几个关系问题。(1)南北区域之间的关系:从水资源合理利用与粮食均衡增产角度看,目前"北粮南调"的做法不尽合理,应加强南方地区农田水利工程建设,并做出有利于增强南方粮食生产能力的政策调整;(2)高、中、低产田之间的关系:在继续争取高产再高产的同时,应将着力点放在提高中低产田的产出水平上;(3)粮食增产与发展畜牧之间的关系:建设稳定的人工草地,加快发展草地畜牧业,促进农业与牧业的紧密结合;(4)常规技术与高新技术之间的关系:现阶段提高我国旱区粮食生产的主流技术仍属常规技术,应加快高新技术应用的步伐,把当前需求和长远发展有效统一起来。目前,应对农业干旱的技术途径主要有:(1)在缺水灌区和干旱山区推行半旱地农业,逐步形成灌溉农业、旱地农业和半旱地农业并存的农业用水新格局;(2)利用种间抗旱性差异建立节水型农业结构;(3)确立抗非生物逆境和资源高效利用,即抗逆、广适应的作物育种目标,特别是抗旱与水资源高效利用的目标;(4)因地制宜,广泛推行可同时起到保水、保土、培肥、增产综合作用的保护性耕作技术;(5)将开辟农业新水源-非常规水源作为应对农业干旱的一条重要出路;(6)以丰补歉,在当前科技水平下遭受严重干旱年份大幅度减产不可避免,要将气候的多变性与作物的适应性有效统一起来,对产量的要求不以单一年度为标准,而着眼于一个周期年的平衡。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| Drought is a global issue. With the global warming and intensified human activities, the intensity and frequency of drought and its impacts are getting increasingly serious. Faced with agricultural drought in China, following relationships should be soundly understood and dealt with:(1)The relationship between the north and the south. The current action “to transport grain from north to south”is some unreasonable in the view of rational utilization of water re-sources and balanced increase of crop yield, and which should be solved through strengthening the construction of water conservancy facilities and making policy adjustment for enhancing grain production capability in south China. (2) The re-lationship between high- medium-and low-yield farmlands. While pursuing higher yield in high-yield farmlands, atten-tion also should be focused on increasing the output from the medium-and low- yield farmlands; (3) The relationship be-tween increasing grain production and developing animal husbandry. Artificial meadow construction should be boosted to promote the development of animal husbandry and its integration with agriculture. (4) The relationship between conven-tional technology and high technology . Currently conventional technology still dominates in dryland farming production, so high-tech applications should be accelerated, and the current needs and future development should be effectively harmo-nized. Meanwhile，following technological approaches should be adopted to cope with agricultural drought: (1) To carry out semi-dryland agriculture in water-limited irrigable and dry mountainous areas, and gradually establish new agricultural water utilization structure including irrigated , dryland and semi-dryland agricultures simultanously; (2) To set up water-saving agricultural structure using interspecies drought-resistant differences; (3) To establish the breeding objectives in crops with high abiotic stress resistance and resources use efficiency, especially having drought resistance and high water use efficiency varieties; (4) To extensively carry out conservation tillage possessing the comprehensive effects in conserv-ing soil and water, fertilization, as well as increasing yield according to local conditions; (5) To exploit non-conventional water resources and take it as an important way for coping with agricultural drought; (6) To to make up deficiency of
poor-harvest years with surplus of abundant-harvest years. With the current level of science and technology, it is not pos-sible to avoid significant production decrease in severely dry year, the climate variability and the crop adaptability should be effectively integrated in yield statistic, which should be focused on periodic balance instead of yearly fluctuation. |
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