| 李晓,李亚鑫,张娟霞,黄冬琳,郑险峰,王朝辉.玉米秸秆还田对冬小麦产量和不同生育期土壤硝态氮累积量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(6):156~162 |
| 玉米秸秆还田对冬小麦产量和不同生育期土壤硝态氮累积量的影响 |
| Effects of maize straw return on yield and soil nitrate accumulation in different growth stages of winter wheat |
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| DOI：10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2016.06.24 |
| 中文关键词: 冬小麦 玉米秸秆还田 氮肥 硝态氮 产量 |
| 英文关键词:winter wheat maize straw return nitrogen fertilizer nitrate grain yield |
| 基金项目:国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-3-1-31)；国家支撑计划项目“西北半干旱区农田土壤养分调控及高效施肥技术研究与示范”(2015BAD23B04)；公益性行业（农业）科研专项 “渭北旱塬冬小麦节水节肥节药技术集成及应用”(201503124-4) |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 以田间试验方法研究了玉米秸秆还田配施氮肥对后茬冬小麦产量和小麦生育期土壤硝态氮累积量的影响。试验采用裂区设计，主处理包括玉米秸秆还田（S1）和不还田（S0）2个处理，副处理为5个不同施氮水平，分别为0、84、168、252 kg·hm-2和336 kg·hm-2。结果表明，施氮量较低时(分别低于99 kg·hm-2和79 kg·hm-2时)，秸秆还田处理小麦产量低于秸秆不还田处理，施氮量较高时则相反；两条氮肥肥效曲线呈相交规律。施氮252 kg·hm-2时，秸秆还田处理分别增产9.5%和2.1%，施氮336 kg·hm-2时，秸秆还田处理分别增产7.0%和5.6%。冬小麦冬前分蘖期土壤硝态氮主要累积在0～40 cm土层；施氮量高于84 kg·hm-2时，秸秆还田处理硝态氮累积量有高于相同施氮量下不还田处理的趋势，其中0～20 cm土层N336+秸秆还田处理硝态氮累积量比不还田处理提高25%（武功试验地）。冬小麦返青期土壤硝态氮较冬前分蘖期大幅降低，此期秸秆还田处理0～20 cm土层硝态氮累积量有低于秸秆不还田处理的趋势。周至县连续三年田间试验结果表明，秸秆还田处理冬小麦收获期土壤硝态氮累积量有高于秸秆不还田处理的趋势，不施氮肥处理0～1 m土层秸秆还田比不还田处理累积量显著提高43.4%。秸秆还田对冬小麦产量和土壤硝态氮累积量的影响与施氮量有关，施氮量较低时秸秆还田条件下冬小麦返青期土壤硝态氮含量较低，引起作物速效氮供应的短期（返青期追施氮肥前）缺乏，影响小麦生长，进而导致小麦减产。连续秸秆还田处理有利于小麦收获期2 m土壤硝态氮累积，减少向下淋溶。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| Field experiments were carried out to investigate the combined effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization and maize straw return on winter wheat yield and soil nitrate accumulation at different growth stages of wheat. Split plot design was used in the experiment. The main treatments were straw return (N+S) and straw removal (S), and the subplot treatments were five levels of N fertilizer application (N 0, 84, 168, 252 kg·hm-2 and 336 kg·hm-2). The results showed that, wheat yield was decreased for maize straw return treatments when N rate was low, while they were increased under high N rate, and increased 9.5%, 2.1% and 7.0%, 5.6% under 252 kg·hm-2 and 336 kg·hm-2, respectively, compared with the maize straw removal treatments. The soil nitrate was mainly accumulated in 0～40 cm soil layer at tillering stage of wheat, and the accumulation was increased for the straw return treatments when N rate was higher than 84 kg·hm-2. But at wheat re-greening stage, the soil nitrate accumulation in the 0～20 cm soil layer was decreased compared with that at the tillering stage for both maize straw return and removal treatments. Meanwhile, straw return treatments decreased it compared with straw removal treatments. The results of three-year-field experiment at Zhouzhi county indicated that the soil nitrate accumulation in 0～2 m soil layers at wheat harvest was higher for the straw return treatments and it significantly increased by 43.4% for the non-nitrogen fertilization treatment compared to no straw return. The effects of straw return on wheat yield and soil nitrate accumulation were associated with N fertilization rate. Straw return caused available N deficiency for wheat before the N top-dressing at re-greening stage when N rate was low, resulting in lower wheat grain yield. Maize straw return lasting three years increased the soil nitrate accumulation in 0～2 m soil layers at wheat harvesting stage, decreasing nitrate leaching. |
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