秸秆覆盖量对旱作小麦耗水特性及土壤性质的影响

李玉鹏; 贾志宽; 韩清芳; 王成社; 谢彦周; 魏红升

李玉鹏,贾志宽,韩清芳,王成社,谢彦周,魏红升.秸秆覆盖量对旱作小麦耗水特性及土壤性质的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(4):217~222

秸秆覆盖量对旱作小麦耗水特性及土壤性质的影响

Effects of mulching straw at different rates on water use pattern and soil properties of dry-land wheat

DOI：10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2017.04.33

中文关键词: 秸秆覆盖量旱作小麦耗水特性土壤性质

英文关键词:stalk rate dry-land wheat water consumption characteristic soil properties

基金项目:“十一五”国家科技支撑课题“农田集雨保水关键技术研究”(2006BAD29B03)；节水共性技术研究(2007BAD88B10)

作者	单位
李玉鹏	西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院，陕西杨凌 712100；南阳市农业科学院，河南南阳 473000；西北农林科技大学南阳小麦试验示范站，河南南阳 473000
贾志宽	西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院，陕西杨凌 712100；西北农林科技大学农学院，陕西杨凌 712100
韩清芳	西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院，陕西杨凌 712100；西北农林科技大学农学院，陕西杨凌 712100
王成社	西北农林科技大学南阳小麦试验示范站，河南南阳 473000；西北农林科技大学农学院，陕西杨凌 712100
谢彦周	西北农林科技大学南阳小麦试验示范站，河南南阳 473000；西北农林科技大学农学院，陕西杨凌 712100
魏红升	西北农林科技大学南阳小麦试验示范站，河南南阳 473000；西北农林科技大学农学院，陕西杨凌 712100

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中文摘要:

为了解秸秆覆盖量对旱作小麦耗水特性和土壤性质的调控作用，在宁夏南部半干旱区连续两年进行了0(CK)，3 000，6 000，9 000 kg·hm^-2四种不同秸秆覆盖量处理的栽培试验。结果表明：随着覆盖量的增加，小麦在各个生育阶段的耗水量逐渐减少，3 000，6 000 kg·hm^-2和9 000 kg·hm^-2覆盖量处理的小麦全生育期的平均耗水量较CK分别减少了12.7%，21.6%和27.5%，秸秆覆盖量与耗水量呈显著负相关(P＜0.01)；进行秸秆覆盖以后，土壤的蓄水保墒能力得到明显提升，3 000，6 000 kg·hm^-2和9 000 kg·hm^-2覆盖量处理的小麦收获后土壤平均含水量较CK分别增加了13.1%，19.8%和26.1%；小麦的水分利用效率以覆盖量为9 000 kg·hm^-2的处理最大，水分利用效率较CK增加了42.4%（P＜0.01）；不同覆盖量处理的小麦平均产量较CK增加了2.9%～16.7%，仅覆盖量为3 000 kg·hm^-2的处理较CK差异达到显著水平（P＜0.01）；秸秆覆盖对表层土壤（0～10 cm）的温度变化有明显的调节作用，能够降低地温的日振幅，避免了地温的剧烈变化，能有效缓解地温的激变对作物根部产生的伤害。秸秆覆盖能够改善土壤肥力，提高土壤中碱解氮、速效钾和有机质的含量，而且有利于作物对土壤磷素的吸收。

英文摘要:

To yield a penetrating insight into the effects of straw mulching on water use pattern and soil properties of dry-land wheat, we conducted field experiments with four treatments of corn stalk mulching rates, 0 (control rate), 3 000, 6 000, 9 000 kg·hm^-2 in semiarid areas of southern Ningxia for two consecutive years. The result indicated that the water consumption of wheat at different growth stages gradually decreased with the increase of straw mulch. For the straw mulching quantity of 3 000, 6 000 kg·hm^-2 and 9 000 kg·hm^-2, the average water consumption during the whole growth period of wheat was decreased by 12.7%, 21.6% and 27.5%, respectively compared with the control, and the amount of straw showed a significantly negative correlation with that of water consumption(P＜0.01). The effect of straw mulching on soil moisture conservation was significant. For the straw mulching quantity of 3 000, 6 000 kg·hm^-2 and 9 000 kg·hm^-2, soil moisture content increased by 13.1%, 19.8% and 26.1% after harvest. After straw mulching, the water use efficiency was the largest in the amount of 9 000 kg·hm^-2, being increased by 42.4%（P＜0.01）compared with the control. With the straw mulching amount of 3 000, 6 000 kg·hm^-2 and 9 000 kg·hm^-2, the wheat yield in different mulching modes was increased by 2.9%～16.7%, but only the difference between 3 000 kg·hm^-2 mulching mode and the control reached the significant level(P＜0.01). Straw mulching could apparently adjust soil temperature at the upper layer（0～10 cm）that can not vary dramatically between extremes. All these effect is useful for the wheat growing. Straw mulching could increase available N, available K and organic matters, which much more helped crops taking up P from soil.

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