冯志文,康跃虎,万书勤,刘士平.滴灌施肥对内蒙古沙地马铃薯生长和水肥利用的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(5):242~249
滴灌施肥对内蒙古沙地马铃薯生长和水肥利用的影响
Effects of drip fertigation levels on potato growth and the water and fertilizer efficiency on sandy soil in Inner Mongolia
  
DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2017.05.36
中文关键词:  滴灌施肥灌溉  土壤水基质势  施肥量比例  肥料偏生产力  灌溉水利用效率
英文关键词:drip-fertigation  soil matric potential  fertilization amount proportion  partial factor productivity from applied fertilizer  irrigation water use efficiency
基金项目:国家科技支撑计划课题(2012BAD06B01;2012BAD08B02)
作者单位
冯志文 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 陆地水循环及地表过程重点实验室 北京 100101中国科学院大学 北京 100049 
康跃虎 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 陆地水循环及地表过程重点实验室 北京 100101 
万书勤 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 陆地水循环及地表过程重点实验室 北京 100101 
刘士平 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 陆地水循环及地表过程重点实验室 北京 100101 
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中文摘要:
      针对内蒙古沙地马铃薯滴灌水肥管理的需求,本研究以养分平衡法估计的施肥量作为推荐值,布置了5个施肥量比例的滴灌施肥灌溉试验,2012年分别为推荐施肥量的10%(10%NPK)、30%(30%NPK)、50%(50%NPK)、70%(70%NPK)和90%(90%NPK),2013年分别为推荐施肥量的10%(10%NPK)、35%(35%NPK)、60%(60%NPK)、85%(85%NPK)和110%(110%NPK)。通过控制滴头正下方20 cm处的土壤水基质势下限在-25 kPa时进行滴灌施肥灌溉。结果表明,采用负压计指导滴灌施肥灌溉时,土壤水分状况良好,N、K的施肥时期与马铃薯植株对N、K的吸收时期基本一致。2012年和2013年马铃薯的株高、茎粗、叶面积指数、鲜生物量和产量随着施肥量的增加呈先增加后下降的趋势,当施肥量比例为70%~85%时达到最大值,并且收获指数相对较低,有效延长了地上部养分向块茎转移的时间,促进更多养分向块茎积累。当施肥量比例为60%~70%时,灌溉水利用效率最高。马铃薯的产量在2012年和2013年分别以70%NPK和85%NPK时产量最高,与当地马铃薯生产企业的产量持平,但节约肥料30%~40%,平均节肥N 157 kg·hm-2、P2O45 52 kg·hm-2和K2O 187 kg·hm-2。因此,内蒙古沙地滴灌施肥灌溉条件下,当滴头正下方20 cm处的土壤水基质势下限在-25 kPa时进行施肥灌溉,且施肥总量为当地推荐施肥量的85%左右时,既能获得马铃薯高产,又可保证较高的水肥利用效率。
英文摘要:
      In view of the demand for water-fertilizer management of potato on sandy soil in Inner Mongolia, a 2-year field experiment comparing five fertigation levels on potato yield, irrigation water use efficiency and partial fertilizer productivity was carried out. The treatments included five fertigation levels, 10% (10%NPK), 30% (30%NPK), 50% (50%NPK), 70% (70%NPK) and 90% (90%NPK) of the recommended fertilizer dose (420∶105∶495 N∶P∶K kg·hm-2·year-1) in 2012 and 10% (10%NPK), 35% (35%NPK), 60% (60%NPK), 85% (85%NPK) and 110% (110%NPK) of the recommended fertilizer dose (390∶150∶465 N∶P∶K kg·hm-2·year-1) in 2013, respectively, and the recommended fertilizer dose was estimated based on the nutrient balance method. The soil matric potential at 20 cm depth under the emitters was controlled above -25 kPa for drip fertigation. The results showed that fertilization period with N and K was basically in line with principal periods with potato plants on absorption of N and K when tensiometer was applied to guide drip fertigation. Potato plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index, total biomass fresh weight and yield first increased and then decreased, and got the maximum under 70%~85% of fertilization in two years with the increase in the proportion of fertilization. The harvest index was relatively low, which can effectively extend the nutrient transfer period from aboveground to tuber, and accelerate to accumulate more nutrients in the tubers. The highest irrigation water use efficiency was gotten under 60%~70% of fertilization. The highest tuber yield in 2012 and 2013 were 32.2 and 32.4 t·hm-2 for 70%NPK and 85%NPK, respectively, which on par with the average yield of local enterprises using center-pivot irrigation system, while 157, 52 kg·hm-2 and 187 kg·hm-2 for N, P2O45 and K2O were saved, respectively. The potato yield, irrigation water and fertilizer use efficiency were high on sandy soil in Inner Mongolia when the amount of fertilization was about 85% of the recommended fertilizer dose and soil matric potential at 20 cm depth under the emitters was controlled above -25 kPa for drip fertigation.
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