王淑英,樊廷录,李利利,赵刚,张建军,李尚中,王磊,党翼,程万莉,唐小明.长期施肥下黄土旱塬黑垆土磷平衡及农学阈值[J].干旱地区农业研究,2020,38(3):155~162
长期施肥下黄土旱塬黑垆土磷平衡及农学阈值
Phosphorus balance and critical value in loessial soil of Loess Plateau under long\|term fertilization
  
DOI:10.7606/j.issn81000-7601.2020.03.20
中文关键词:  磷盈亏  农学阈值  黑垆土  长期施肥  黄土旱塬
英文关键词:phosphate apparent balance  critical value of soil Olsen-P  loessial soil  long\|term fertilization  dryland of Loess Platean
基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300110);公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503124);国家玉米产业技术体系兰州综合试验站项目(CARS-02-60)
作者单位
王淑英 甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所/甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730070 
樊廷录 甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所/甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730070 
李利利 平凉市农业科学研究院甘肃 平凉 744500 
赵刚 甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所/甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730070 
张建军 甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所/甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730070 
李尚中 甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所/甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730070 
王磊 甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所/甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730070 
党翼 甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所/甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730070 
程万莉 甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所/甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730070 
唐小明 甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所/甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730070 
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中文摘要:
      为研究长期施肥条件下土壤磷平衡和土壤有效磷对磷盈亏的响应,明确土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)的农学阈值及合理磷肥施用量,依托甘肃平凉肥料长期定位试验(始于1979),分析了黄土旱塬黑垆土36 a土壤磷盈亏动态、累积磷盈亏与有效磷的响应关系以及土壤磷残余,通过Mitscherlich方程模拟作物相对产量对土壤有效磷的响应关系,计算黄土旱塬黑垆土小麦和玉米的土壤有效磷农学阈值。结果表明:不施肥(CK)和单施氮肥(N)处理土壤磷始终亏缺,N处理每亏缺磷100 kg·hm-2,有效磷含量下降1.05 mg·kg-1; 施磷处理土壤磷当季盈余4.3~207.9 kg·hm-2,累积盈余154.9~7 483.6 kg·hm-2,其中有机、无机配施(MNP)处理磷盈余最大;土壤累积磷盈余与土壤有效磷增量呈线性正相关,土壤中每盈余100 kg·hm-2磷,秸秆还田配施化肥(SNP,磷肥隔年施)、氮磷配施(NP)、有机肥(M)和有机、无机配施(MNP)处理土壤有效磷分别增加7.55、2.47、0.28 mg·kg-1和0.46 mg·kg-1;黄土旱塬黑垆土农田有效磷的小麦和玉米农学阈值分别为22.05 mg·kg-1和13.96 mg·kg-1,MNP处理土壤有效磷含量已高于作物农学阈值,NP和SNP处理土壤有效磷含量达到小麦农学阈值分别需要21 a和24 a,达到玉米农学阈值分别需要2 a和8 a,M处理土壤有效磷含量已高于玉米农学阈值,还需要3 a可达到小麦农学阈值。当磷投入量每年平均达22.9 kg·hm-2时, 土壤磷呈持平状态;当磷用量达33 kg·hm-2时,不仅作物产量较高,而且磷肥当季利用率也较高;当磷用量增加到233 kg·hm-2时,作物产量对增加磷投入无响应,土壤磷残余超过90%,大量磷素累积在土壤中,增加了土壤磷素的流失风险。黄土旱塬小麦玉米一年一熟轮作黑垆土农田土壤有效磷农学阈值为13.96 mg·kg-1(玉米) 和22.05 mg·kg-1(小麦),秸秆还田可促进旱地农田耕层土壤有效磷含量的增加。
英文摘要:
      This study examined the relation of soil phosphorus (P) with P balance under long\|term fertilization, the critical Olsen-P value for crop yield, and the reasonable P fertilizer application rate, and thus provided theoretical basis for the scientific application of P fertilizer and the maintenance of sustainable high production efficiency in loessial soil of Loess Plateau. Based on the long\|term fertilization experiment of loessial soil in Pingling, Gansu (1979-), six fertilizer treatments including no fertilizer (CK), chemical nitrogen (N), chemical N and P (NP), straw plus chemical NP (SNP), farmyard manure (M), and farmyard manure plus chemical NP (MNP) were used in the cropping system of 4-year continues winter wheat followed by 2-year spring corn. A total of 36 years (1979-2016) data of loessial soil in Loess Plateau were analyzed for content of soil Olsen-P and the P uptake by plants. Soil accumulated apparent P balance, P residue in soil, and the relationship between soil accumulated apparent P balance and soil Olsen-P were studied. The response of crop yield to soil Olsen-P was examined by the Mitscherlich equation to determine the critical Olsen-P value for crop yield. The soil P content was depleted each year in the no-P treatments, while in the treatments with P fertilization the P surplus was 4.3~207.9 kg·hm-2. The accumulative P amount was in the range of 154.9~7 483.6 kg·hm-2. The P surplus in the MNP treatment was the highest among the treatments. The P balance was significantly (P<0.05) correlated with soil Olsen-P. The Olsen-P decreased by 1.05 mg·kg-1 in the N treatments for each 100 mg·kg-1 P deficiency. For each surplus of 100 mg·kg-1 in soil, the Olsen-P in the SNP, NP, M, and MNP treatments increased by 7.55, 2.47, 0.28, and 0.46 mg·kg-1, respectively. The agronomic thresholds of wheat and maize were 22.05 and 13.96 mg·kg-1, respectively. It took 21, 24 years for the treatments of NP, SNP, and M to reach the critical Olsen-P value for wheat, respectively, and it took 2 and 8 years for the treatments of NP and SNP to reach the critical Olsen-P value for maize, respectively .When the average P application amount was up to 22.9 kg·hm-2 per year, the P balance does not change, again,was to 33 kg·hm-2 the crop yield and the P utilization rate were both high and the soil P residue was low and the phosphorus accumulation in the soil was less, however to 233 kg·hm-2 yearly, the crop yield did not respond to the P input, and the soil P residue exceeded 90%, which implied much P accumulated in soil and increased high risk of soil P loss. Agronomic critical value of soil Olsen-P was 13.96 mg·kg-1 (maize) and 22.05 mg·kg-1 (wheat.) for dryland cropping system of winter wheat rotated with spring corn yearly in dryland of Loess Plateau. The treatment of SNP can effectively increase soil Olsen-P accumulation.
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