| 廖阳,曹红霞,刘星,薛文凯.覆盖及亏缺灌溉对山地苹果生长、耗水及产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2020,38(4):47~57 |
| 覆盖及亏缺灌溉对山地苹果生长、耗水及产量的影响 |
| The effects of mulching and deficit irrigation on growth, evapotranspiration and yield of mountain apple trees |
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| DOI：10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2020.04.07 |
| 中文关键词: 山地苹果 地面覆盖 亏缺灌溉 耗水量 土壤温度 产量 WUE |
| 英文关键词:apple tree mulching deficit irrigation evapotranspiration soil temperature yield water use efficiency |
| 基金项目:“十三五”国家重点研发计划（2016YFC0400204）；陕西省水利厅科技计划项目（2020slkj-08） |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 2018—2019年研究了陕北山地苹果园覆盖与亏缺灌溉对土壤耗水量、土壤温度、生长量、产量及水分利用效率（WUE）的影响。试验包括覆盖、亏缺灌溉2个因素，覆盖方式为地布覆盖（FM）、秸秆覆盖（SM）、裸地清耕（TL），亏缺灌溉梯度为充分灌溉（W1）、轻度亏缺灌溉（W2）、重度亏缺灌溉（W3），以当地雨养栽培为对照（CK），共10个处理。结果表明：覆盖可以有效提高苹果树体生长量，增强树势，且秸秆覆盖优于地布覆盖，2 a中FM与SM新梢长度分别较TL平均增加12.19%及17.76%，新梢茎粗分别较TL平均增加17.21%及21.33%。亏缺灌溉对新梢长度未产生显著影响，但提高了新梢茎粗，2 a中TLW1处理茎粗较TLW2、TLW3、CK平均增加3.8%、14.1%、19.5%。2018—2019年SM在整个生育期较TL降低土壤温度0.77℃~6.30℃，且降低效果随着生育期进行而减弱，SM有效地稳定了土壤温度变化，而FM对土壤温度没有显著性影响。苹果树各生育期耗水量依次为：果实膨大期（III）>萌芽开花期（I）>叶片生长期（II）>果实成熟期（IV），其中III期耗水量占全生育期的44%~47%，远高于其他时期。W2、W3分别较W1平均节水5.6%、10.7%，覆盖下苹果耗水量较TL减少23.41~36.80 mm。FM与SM苹果产量在2年中较TL平均增加24.8%、25.9%。在TL处理下，苹果产量随着水分亏缺加重逐渐降低，且在2019年TLW1产量显著高于TLW3，增幅为18.3%，但在覆盖下亏缺灌溉对苹果产量并未产生显著性影响。覆盖显著提升了WUE，2 a中FM与SM分别较TL平均提升30.7%、35.1%。综上，FM与SM可以改善土壤微环境、调节苹果树生长状况、提升产量与WUE，均为陕北山地苹果园较为适宜的地面管理方式。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| In order to alleviate the contradiction between water supply and consumption of apple industry and improve the water use efficiency (WUE) of mountainous apple orchard on the Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi Province, the effects of mulching and deficit irrigation on evapotranspiration, soil temperature, apple yield, and WUE were studied by a field experiment. The experiment was conducted from 2018 to 2019, which included three mulching methods: horticultural fabric mulching (FM), corn straw mulching (SM), and clear tillage treatment with non\|mulched (TL), and three irrigation strategies of full irrigation (W1), moderate (W2), and severe (W3) deficit irrigation. Results showed that the mulching effectively improved the growth of apple trees, and SM was better than FM. In two years, the shoot length of FM and SM increased by 12.19% and 17.76%, respectively, compared with TL, and the stem diameter of new shoots increased by 17.21% and 21.33%, respectively. Deficit irrigation had no significant effect on shoot length, but increased shoot diameter and the average stem diameter of TLW1 was 3.8%、14.1% and 19.5% higher than that of TLW2、TLW3 and CK. SM significantly reduced and stabilized the soil temperature during the whole growth season, in 2018-2019, SM reduced soil temperature by 0.77~6.30℃, while the FM had no significant effect on soil temperature. The evapotranspiration of various stages on apple trees was in the following descending order: fruit expansion stage (III), bud development and flowering stage (I), leaf expansion stage (II), and fruit maturing stage (IV). Evapotranspiration in stage III accounted for 44% to 47% of the total in the whole growth period, which was much higher than that in the other three growth stages. Compared with W1, W2, and W3 decreased evapotranspiration on average by 5.6% and 10.7%, respectively. The evapotranspiration under mulching treatments was 23.41~36.80 mm lower than that of TL. Both FM and SM significantly increased apple yield, and no significant difference was found between them. The average yield of FM and SM was 24.8% and 25.9% higher than that of TL. Under mulching, different deficit irrigation didn’t cause significant difference in apple yield due to the higher soil water storage. While under TL treatments, apple yield decreased gradually with increasing water deficit, and the yield of TLW1 was significantly higher than that of TLW3 in 2019, and the increase range was 18.3%. In the past two years, FM and SM increased 30.7% and 35.1% of WUE compared with TL. Taken together, SM and FM had the potential to increase apple yield on the Loess Plateau by improving soil micro\|environment and regulating the growth of apple trees. |
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