戴第伟,韩巍,依艳丽.辽西干旱半干旱区免耕行间深松培土对土壤水分及玉米产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2021,39(1):1~8
辽西干旱半干旱区免耕行间深松培土对土壤水分及玉米产量的影响
Effect of no\|tillage with subsoiling in planting row on soil moisture and yield of spring corn in arid and semi\|arid area in the western Liaoning Province
  
DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2021.01.01
中文关键词:  免耕行间深松培土  干旱半干旱区  土壤水分  玉米  产量  经济效益
英文关键词:no-tillage with subsoiling in planting row  arid and semi\|arid area  soil moisture  corn  yield  economic returns
基金项目:国家重点研发计划资助项目(2018YDF0300301-01)
作者单位
戴第伟 沈阳农业大学土地与环境学院辽宁 沈阳 110000 
韩巍 沈阳农业大学土地与环境学院辽宁 沈阳 110000 
依艳丽 沈阳农业大学土地与环境学院辽宁 沈阳 110000 
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中文摘要:
      为了探究免耕行间深松培土(集成模式)对辽西干旱半干旱区土壤水分、水分利用效率及玉米产量的影响,依托辽宁省北票市蒙古营乡沈阳农业大学定点试验田,通过监测土壤水分和玉米产量,探讨不同耕作方式(旋耕CK、深松、翻耕、免耕秸秆覆盖、集成模式)对干旱半干旱区春玉米地土壤水分、产量、水分利用效率以及经济效益的影响。结果表明:(1)免耕秸秆覆盖能显著提高0~60 cm土层土壤含水量,相比于旋耕(CK),生育期内各层次的土壤含水量平均值增幅为19.49%~29.21%;(2)中耕深松培土后至成熟期的0~60 cm各层次的土壤含水量平均值集成模式(14.51%~17.07%)显著高于免耕秸秆覆盖(13.78%~15.32%),增幅为5.30%~17.07%,尤其10~40 cm土层增幅为12.11%~17.07%;(3)2019年播种前未降雨时,相比于旋耕(CK),免耕秸秆覆盖和集成模式大幅提高了0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层的土壤含水量,其中0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层土壤含水量为集成模式13.15%和14.12%、免耕秸秆覆盖11.30%和13.04%,在无降雨条件下,集成模式的土壤墒情优于免耕秸秆覆盖,能满足玉米出苗;(4)水分利用效率(kg·hm2·mm-1):2018年集成模式(33.27)>深松(31.74)>免耕(28.65)>旋耕(28.60)>翻耕(27.85),2019年集成模式(30.28)>免耕(25.79)>深松(25.44)>翻耕(25.09)>旋耕(23.18);(5)集成模式2018年产量为10 980.28 kg·hm-2,2019年产量为15 450.10 kg·hm-2,两年均显著高于其他耕作方式,相比旋耕(CK)分别增产18.93%和31.75%;(6)集成模式2018年和2019年的经济效益都是最高水平,相比旋耕(CK),集成模式2018年的利润增加量为3 321.16元·hm-2,2019年增加量为7 074.97元·hm-2。通过两年的试验,综合来看集成模式效果最佳。在辽西干旱半干旱区该集成模式部分打破了犁底层,有效吸纳了降水,具有良好的抗旱保墒能力,缓解了该地区的春旱,提高了农田水分利用效率和玉米产量。
英文摘要:
      The west of Liaoning Province is located in arid and semi\|arid rain farming area,low and extremely variable precipitation have an adverse effect on the corn production. The area is also affected by shallow ploughing layer and thick plow bottom layer because of long\|term small agricultural machinery operations. An experiment to comparing the temporal and spatial distribution of soil moisture in 0~60 cm profile and corn yield and water use efficiency with five different tillage systems (rotary tillage, CK; subsoiling, S; ploughing, F; no\|tillage straw mulching, M; and integrated tillage, MS). The experimental ground was initiated in Mongolian Battalion Town, Beipiao, Liaoning Province. The results showed that: (1) no tillage straw mulching significantly improved the soil moisture content in 0~60 cm soil profile, compared with rotary tillage (CK), the average contents of soil moisture in each layer during the growth period increased by 19.49%~29.21%. (2) The integrated model of soil moisture content of 0~60 cm layers from the middle plough to the mature stage (14.51%~17.07%) was significantly higher than that of no tillage straw mulch (13.78%~15.32%), with an increase of 5.30%~17.07%, especially, the increase of 12.11%~17.07% in the 10~40 cm layers. (3) In 2019, when there was no rain before sowing, compared with rotary tillage (CK), the soil moisture content of 0~10 cm and 10~20 cm layers was greatly improved by no tillage straw mulching and integration mode, among which the soil moisture content of 0~10 cm and 10~20 cm layers were integration mode (13.15% and 14.12%), no tillage straw mulching (11.30% and 13.04%), and under the condition of no rainfall, the soil moisture content of integration mode was better than that of no tillage straw mulching covering satisfied the emergence of corn. (4) Water use efficiency (kg·hm-2·mm-1): integrated tillage in 2018 (33.27) > subsoiling (31.74) > no tillage (28.65) > rotary tillage (28.60) > ploughing (27.85), integrated in 2019 (30.28) > no tillage (25.79) > subsoiling (25.44) > tillage (25.09) > rotary tillage (23.18). (5) The output of integrated mode was 10 980.28 kg·hm-2 in 2018, the output of integrated mode was 15 450.10 kg·hm-2 in 2019, which was significantly higher than that of other cultivation methods in two years, with an increase of 18.93% and 31.75% respectively, compared with rotary cultivation. (6) The economic benefits of the integration mode in 2018 and 2019 were the highest level. Compared with the rotary cultivation (CK), the profit increase of the integration mode in 2018 was 3 321.16 yuan·hm-2, and that of the integration mode in 2019 was 7 074.97 yuan·hm-2. Through two years of experiments, the water distribution characteristics, yield, water use efficiency and economic benefits of the 0~60 cm soil profile of five tillage methods were preliminarily determined, and the integrated model was the best. In the arid and semi\|arid area of western Liaoning, the integrated model partially broke the bottom of plough, effectively absorbs precipitation, had good drought resistance and moisture conservation capacity, alleviated the spring drought in this area, and improved the water use efficiency of farmland and corn yield.
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