| 王芳芳,郭素娟,廖逸宁,马雅莉,刘亚斌.行间覆盖方式对板栗园土壤及板栗产量品质的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2021,39(2):111~121 |
| 行间覆盖方式对板栗园土壤及板栗产量品质的影响 |
| Effects of inter-row covering patterns on the soil, and chestnut yield and quality in chestnut orchard |
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| DOI：10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2021.02.15 |
| 中文关键词: 地表覆盖 板栗 土壤性状 产量 品质 经济效益 |
| 英文关键词:land cover Chinese chestnut soil character yield quality economic benefit |
| 基金项目:国家重点研发计划(2019YFD1001604)；林业与草原科技成果国家级推广项目(2020133118) |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 试验于2019年在河北迁西地区展开，以8 a生板栗品种‘燕山早丰’(Castanea mollissima ‘Yanshanzaofeng’)为研究对象，采用随机区组设计，在种植行间利用杂草、黑膜进行覆盖，共设置(Ⅰ)清耕（CK)；(Ⅱ)覆膜；(Ⅲ)覆草；(Ⅳ)覆草+覆膜4个处理，研究行间覆盖对板栗园土壤理化性质、光合特性以及叶片生长发育和果实产量品质的影响，并从经济效益方面进行了分析比较。结果表明：行间覆草处理可以明显使土壤温度日较差变小，在0~20cm土层，夏季(6月30日)不同处理的温差日变化范围为Ⅱ（3.65℃）>Ⅰ（2.82℃）>Ⅲ（1.73℃）>Ⅳ（1.62℃），秋季(10月30日)不同处理的温差日变化范围为Ⅱ（2.14℃）>Ⅰ（2.01℃）>Ⅲ（1.78℃）>Ⅳ（1.69℃）；对于20~40 cm土层的土壤温度日变化与0~20 cm土温变化趋势一致，但是没有明显的峰值，波动范围在0.5℃左右。在生长期内(4—10月)，覆膜、覆草、覆草+覆膜处理的平均土壤含水量分别比CK高1.78%、3.34%和5.11%，可见覆草+覆膜处理的蓄水保湿效果最为显著，其贮水量在生育期末较生育期初增加39.56 mm，且土壤水分利用效率可达2.25 kg·hm-2·mm-1。不同覆盖处理均能显著降低0 ~20 cm土层的土壤容重，增加土壤总孔隙度，变化幅度为2%~8%，提高板栗园土壤有机质和速效养分含量，均以覆草和覆草+覆膜处理效果较好。而且覆草+覆膜处理可显著增加百叶干质量、叶面积和比叶质量，分别比CK高9.61%、2.39%、7.05%。覆草和覆草+覆膜处理下板栗叶片的水分利用效率(2.67 μmol·mmol-1和3.01 μmol·mmol-1)显著高于CK(2.10 μmol·mmol-1)，SPAD值分别比CK高4.62%和6.95%。杂草覆盖可以提高板栗单粒重、坐果率和出实率，降低空苞率，进而增加产量，其中覆草和覆草+覆膜处理的坐果率较大，分别可达75.68%、79.48%，其产量分别比CK高10.07%、15.00%，而且杂草覆盖还能有效改善板栗果实品质。从经济学角度分析，覆草处理的净收益(13 052.80元·hm-2)和产投比(5.08)最高，经济效益最大，可以在干旱半干旱山区板栗园应用。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| This experiment was launched in the Qianxi area of Hebei Province in 2019, Castanea mollissima ‘Yanshanzaofeng’, an 8-year-old chestnut variety, was selected as the research object, and a random block design was adopted. The experiment was covered with weeds and black film between the planting rows. There were 4 treatments: (Ⅰ) clear tillage (CK); (Ⅱ) film-mulching; (Ⅲ) grass-mulching; (Ⅳ) grass + film mulching. In this experiment, the effect of inter-row mulching on the soil physical and chemical properties, photosynthetic characteristics, leaf growth and development, fruit yield and quality of chestnut orchards were studied. In addition,the economic efficiency was compared.The results showed that mulching grass between rows significantly reduced the range of daily soil temperature, in the 0~20 cm soil layer, the daily temperature difference range of different treatments in summer (June 30) wasⅡ (3.65℃)>Ⅰ (2.82℃)>Ⅲ (1.73℃)>Ⅳ (1.62℃), the daily variation range of temperature difference under different treatments in autumn (October 30) was Ⅱ (2.14℃)>Ⅰ (2.01℃)>Ⅲ (1.78℃)>Ⅳ (1.69℃). For the 20~40 cm soil layer, the daily change of soil temperature was consistent with the 0~20 cm soil temperature change trend, but there was no obvious peak, and the fluctuation range was around 0.5℃. During the growth period (April-October), the average soil water content of film mulching, grass mulching, grass and film mulching were 1.78%, 3.34%, and 5.11% higher than that of clear tillage, respectively.It can be seen that the water storage and moisturizing effect of grass and film mulching was the most significant. The water storage capacity increased by 39.56 mm at the end of the growth period compared with the beginning of the growth period, and the soil water use efficiency reached 2.25 kg·hm-2·mm-1. Different mulching treatments significantly reduced the soil bulk density in 0~20 cm soil layer and increased the total porosity, with a range of 2%~8%, The soil organic matter and available nutrient contents of chestnut orchard were improved, and the effects of grass mulching treatment and grass + film mulching treatment performed better.Moreover, the treatment of grass and film mulchingsignificantly increased the louver dry weight, leaf area, and specific leaf quality, which were 9.61%, 2.39%, and 7.05% higher than that of clear tillage, respectively.The water use efficiency (WUE) of chestnut leaves under grass-mulching and grass + film mulching (2.67 μmol·mmol-1, 3.01 μmol·mmol-1) was significantly higher than that under clear tillage (2.10 μmol·mmol-1), and SPAD value was 4.62% and 6.95% higher than that under clear tillage, respectively. Grass-mulching could significantly increase the single fruit weight, fruit setting rate, and fruit yield of chestnut, reduced the empty bud rate, and increased the yield. Among them, the fruit setting rate of grass-mulching and grass + film mulching treatments were relatively large, up to 75.68% and 79.48%, respectively. Their yields were 10.07% and 15.00% higher than that of clear tillage, respectively. Weed mulching also improved the quality of chestnut fruit. From the economic point of view,the net income (13 052.80 yuan·hm-2) and the ratio of output to investment (5.08) of grass-mulching treatment were the highest, and had the greatest economic benefit. Therefore, overlying grass can be used as a surface management measure for chestnut garden in arid and semi-arid mountains. |
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