长期施肥对黄土丘陵坡地农田土壤质量和谷子产量的影响

高小峰; 闫本帅; 吴春晓; 王国梁

高小峰,闫本帅,吴春晓,王国梁.长期施肥对黄土丘陵坡地农田土壤质量和谷子产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2021,39(5):76~83

长期施肥对黄土丘陵坡地农田土壤质量和谷子产量的影响

Effects of long\|term fertilization on soil quality and millet yield on slope farmland in loess hilly areas

DOI：10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2021.05.10

英文关键词:long\|term location fertilization combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus soil quality soil enzyme activity millet grain yield

基金项目:国家自然科学基金（K3010217050）

作者	单位
高小峰	中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所，黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌 712100 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
闫本帅	中国科学院大学,北京 100049
吴春晓	中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所，黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌 712100 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
王国梁	中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所，黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌 712100 西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所,陕西杨凌 712100

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中文摘要:

以坡地农田生态系统长期定位试验（1995—2019年）为基础，选取裸地（LD）、对照（CK,不施肥）、单施氮肥（N1、N2处理分别为:尿素55.2、110.4 kg·hm^-2）、氮磷肥配施（N1P、N2P处理分别为:尿素+过磷酸钙55.2+90、110.4+90 kg·hm^-2）6个处理，研究长期施肥对土壤质量、谷子产量的影响。结果表明：（1）与CK相比，长期单施氮肥土壤碱解氮含量提高了24.81%~39.92%；长期氮磷肥配施土壤有机碳、全磷、碱解氮和有效磷含量分别提高了7.82%~16.81%、58.18%、21.59%~22.89%、450.5%~660.3%，土壤pH值降低了0.04~0.08。（2）与CK相比，长期单施氮肥碱性磷酸酶（AP）活性提高了13.34%~19.43%；长期氮磷平衡施肥土壤的β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶与亮氨酸氨基肽酶（NAG+LAP）、葡萄糖苷酶（βG）活性分别显著提高了16.76%~71.01%、47.12%~59.94%。与裸地相比，长期轮作种植作物使βG、LAP+NAG、AP活性显著提高了68.74%~342.42%，N1P处理下酶化学计量比最接近1∶1∶1稳态。（3）与 CK 相比，N1P处理谷子生物量和产量增加了105.25%~230.05%。谷子产量与土壤全磷、有效磷呈极显著正相关，而与土壤pH值呈显著负相关。总之，长期施肥能显著提高黄土丘陵区坡耕地土壤质量和谷子产量，低氮磷配施（N1P）效果最好。

英文摘要:

Based on the long\|term positioning experiment of sloping farmland ecosystem (1995-2019), bare land (LD), control (CK, no fertilization), single application of nitrogen fertilizer (N1,N2: urea 55.2 kg·hm^-2 and 110.4 kg·hm^-2), and combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus (N1P,N2P: urea + superphosphate 55.2+90 kg·hm^-2 and 110.4+90 kg·hm^-2) of 6 treatments were designed to research the effect of long\|term fertilization on soil quality and millet yield. The results showed that: (1) Compared with CK, the long\|term single application of nitrogen fertilizer increased the soil alkaline nitrogen content by 24.81%~39.92%. The long\|term combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers increased the soil organic carbon, total phosphorus, alkaline nitrogen, and available phosphorus content by 7.82%~16.81%, 58.18%, 21.59%~22.89%, and 450.5%~660.3%, and the soil pH decreased by 0.04~0.08 units. (2) Compared with CK, long\|term single application of nitrogen fertilizer alkaline phosphatase (AP) enzyme activity increased by 13.34%~19.43%. In the long\|term nitrogen and phosphorus balanced fertilization soil, the enzyme activities of β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase and leucine aminopeptidase (NAG+LAP), and glucosidase (βG) were significantly increased by 16.76%~71.01%, 47.12%~59.94%, respectively. Planting millet significantly increased the activities of βG, LAP+NAG, and AP by 68.74%~342.42%. The stoichiometric ratio of enzyme in N1P treatment was closest to the steady state of 1∶1∶1. (3) Compared with CK, the biomass and yield of millet under N1P treatment increased by 105.25%~230.05%. The yield of millet was significantly positively correlated with soil total phosphorus and available phosphorus, and significantly negatively correlated with soil pH. In short, long\|term fertilization significantly improved the soil quality and millet yield of slope farmland in loess hilly areas, and the best outcome came from low nitrogen and phosphorus combined application (N1P).

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