| 杨彩红,耿艳香,伏星舟,严长庚,赵宇浩,罗永忠,柴强.免耕轮作对西北荒漠绿洲小麦、玉米产量和光合特性的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2022,40(1):11~19 |
| 免耕轮作对西北荒漠绿洲小麦、玉米产量和光合特性的影响 |
| Effects of no tillage and crop rotation on yield and photosynthetic characteristics of wheat and maize in desert oasis of northwest China |
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| DOI：10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2022.01.02 |
| 中文关键词: 免耕；轮作；间作；小麦；玉米；光合特性；产量性状 荒漠绿洲 |
| 英文关键词:no tillage crop rotation intercropping wheat maize photosynthetic characteristics yield traits desert oasis of northwest China |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金（41561062，31301283，31771738）；甘肃省自然科学基金（18JR3RA176）；现代农业绿肥产业体系项目（CARS-22-G-12） |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 针对我国西北荒漠绿洲区传统精耕细作土地沙化和生产力水平低的农业生产现状，于2016—2018年在甘肃省武威市凉州区设小麦/玉米→小麦/玉米、小麦-冬油菜→玉米、小麦→玉米3种轮作模式，小麦免耕留茬和传统耕作两种耕作模式，研究了免耕轮作对作物光合特性、叶绿素含量和产量性状的影响。结果表明：不同耕作方式之间，小麦/玉米→小麦/玉米、小麦-冬油菜→玉米和小麦→玉米3种轮作模式在不同年份间变化不一致，总体表现为免耕条件下作物的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度有所下降，但各处理间差异不显著，免耕并未显著影响3种轮作模式作物的光合特性；不同种植模式之间，小麦-冬油菜→玉米的光合速率较小麦/玉米→小麦/玉米和小麦→玉米增幅分别为-3.85%~4.91%和1.44%~2.31%，蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度的增幅分别为-13.01%~4.20%、9.60%~29.36%、-0.48%~1.83%和17.10%~34.66%、-4.58%~7.07%、-5.11%~7.41%。随着种植年限的增长，免耕作物叶片叶绿素含量和小麦、玉米产量性状表现出一定的优势，2018年度，免耕处理小麦/玉米→小麦/玉米、小麦-冬油菜→玉米、小麦→玉米的作物叶片叶绿素含量分别较相应传统耕作处理增加了1.60%、3.14%、5.22%。在不同年度，免耕各处理小麦的小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重分别较传统耕作增加了1.52%~5.08%、0.44%~2.84%、1.88%~3.82%，传统耕作小麦/玉米处理间作玉米的穗位高、穗长、单株穗粒数及百粒重较其他处理的增幅为-1.80%~4.83%、-0.46%~4.55%、1.96%~11.10%和5.16%~7.32%。不同种植模式之间，小麦-冬油菜→玉米种植模式的光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度高于小麦/玉米→小麦/玉米和小麦→玉米处理，小麦/玉米表现出一定的产量优势。小麦-冬油菜→玉米轮作模式在免耕留茬条件下有助于增强作物地上光合物质生产能力，延缓叶片衰老，提高作物叶片水分利用效率。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| The purpose of this study was to explore more effective filed cropping patterns and increase crop production to achieve effective utilization of land and ecological environmental protection in oasis irrigation region of northwestern China. A field experiment was carried out to examine the effects of no tillage and crop rotation on photosynthetic characteristics, leaf chlorophyll content and yield traits in wheat/maize intercropping→ wheat/maize intercropping, wheat\|winter rape→ maize and wheat→ maize rotation in oasis region of Hexi Corridor, Gansu Province in 2016-2018. The change of every index in each treatment was not consistent in different years among different tillage methods. There was a decline in photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration, but there was no significant difference among different treatments. No tillage had no significant differences on photosynthetic characteristic. Photosynthetic rate of wheat\|winter rape→ maize treatment was increased by -3.85%~4.91% and 1.44%~2.31% than wheat/maize intercropping→ wheat/maize intercropping and wheat→ maize rotation treatment respectively. Transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration were increased by -13.01%~4.20%, 9.60%~29.36%, -0.48%~1.83% and 17.10%~34.66%, -4.58%~7.07%, -5.11%~7.41% respectively. No tillage treatments showed some advantages in leaf chlorophyll content and yield traits of wheat and maize. The leaf chlorophyll content of wheat/maize intercropping→ wheat/maize intercropping, wheat\|winter rape→ maize and wheat→ maize rotation with no tillage was increased by 1.60%, 3.14% and 5.22% in 2018. The spikelet number, grain number per spike and 1000-grain weight of wheat in wheat/maize intercropping→ wheat/maize intercropping, wheat\|winter rape→ maize and wheat→ maize rotation with no tillage were increased by 1.52%~5.08%, 0.44%~2.84% and 1.88%~3.82%, respectively. The ear height, ear length, grain number per spike and 100-grain weight of maize in wheat/maize intercropping→ wheat/maize intercropping with conventional tillage was increased by -1.80%~4.83%、-0.46%~4.55%、1.96%~11.10% and 5.16%~7.32%, respectively. The photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration of wheat\|winter rape→maize were higher than that of wheat/maize intercropping→wheat/maize intercropping and wheat→maize rotation, while wheat/maize intercropping showed higher yield advantage. The results suggest that wheat\|winter rape→maize with no tillage improve the photosynthesis characteristics and dry matter accumulation in single plant and delay the leaf senescence, thus improve leaf water use efficiency. |
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