夏闲季不同耕作方式对豫西旱地小麦旗叶生理特性和产量的影响

赵雯馨; 黄明; 李友军; 吴金芝; 赵凯男; 张军; 李淑靖; 汪洪涛; 黄修利; 李爽; 李文娜

赵雯馨,黄明,李友军,吴金芝,赵凯男,张军,李淑靖,汪洪涛,黄修利,李爽,李文娜.夏闲季不同耕作方式对豫西旱地小麦旗叶生理特性和产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2023,(5):175~185

夏闲季不同耕作方式对豫西旱地小麦旗叶生理特性和产量的影响

Effects of different tillage practices on physiological characteristics in flag leaves and grain yield of wheat during the summer fallow season in dryland of Western Henan

DOI：10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2023.05.19

中文关键词: 小麦夏闲季耕作方式产量生理特性豫西旱地

英文关键词:wheat summer fallow season tillage practice grain yield physiological characteristics dryland in western Henan

基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目（2016YFD0300400，2018YFD0300700）；河南省旱地绿色智慧农业特色骨干学科群建设项目（17100001）

作者	单位
赵雯馨	河南科技大学农学院,河南洛阳 471023
黄明	河南科技大学农学院,河南洛阳 471023
李友军	河南科技大学农学院,河南洛阳 471023
吴金芝	河南科技大学农学院,河南洛阳 471023
赵凯男	河南科技大学农学院,河南洛阳 471023
张军	河南科技大学农学院,河南洛阳 471023
李淑靖	河南科技大学农学院,河南洛阳 471023
汪洪涛	河南科技大学农学院,河南洛阳 471023
黄修利	河南科技大学农学院,河南洛阳 471023
李爽	河南科技大学农学院,河南洛阳 471023
李文娜	河南科技大学农学院,河南洛阳 471023

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中文摘要:

2018—2022年度，在豫西典型旱作区洛宁县梅窑村，采用大区设计于夏闲季设置传统翻耕（CP）、一次深翻（DP）、免耕覆盖（NT）和改进深松覆盖（OST）4种耕作方式，分析了不同耕作方式对土壤蓄水量、小麦不同灌浆时期旗叶生理特性、籽粒产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明，夏闲季不同耕作方式对旱地土壤水分及旗叶生理特性和产量均有显著影响，但对旗叶生理特性的影响效应因灌浆时期而异。与CP相比，DP、NT和OST播种~成熟期0~200 cm土层平均土壤蓄水量分别显著提高4.1%、6.2%和13.2%。OST的旗叶净光合速率（P_n）较CP、DP和NT增加6.3%~114.4%。OST的旗叶超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性较其他处理分别增加0.3%~39.8%，10.3%~66.7%和5.6%~46.2%，但旗叶可溶性糖（SS）和游离脯氨酸（Pro）含量分别显著降低4.1%~31.8%和3.5%~53.4%。与CP相比，DP、NT和OST的4年小麦平均产量分别显著增加18.5%、11.5%和35.3%，且OST利于提高穗数和千粒重，DP利于提高穗粒数。相关分析结果表明，旱地小麦产量及其构成因素与旗叶生理参数的相关性因生长季、灌浆时期和测定指标而异，增加灌浆期旗叶CAT活性，以及灌浆中期、中后期旗叶P_n和SOD活性，降低灌浆期旗叶SS和Pro含量利于提高旱地小麦产量。综合来看，麦收后14 d左右深松并结合秸秆覆盖的耕作方式可提高播种时和生育期内土壤蓄水量，改善旗叶光合特性，提高抗性，进而提高籽粒产量，是利于旱地小麦高产的夏闲季耕作方式。

英文摘要:

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different practices on soil moisture, physiological characteristics in flag leaves during the grain filling stage, and gain yield in Meiyao Village, Luoning County—a typical dryland in the southern Loess Plateau in 2018-2022. The tillage practices included conventional plowing (CP), once deep plowing (DP), no\|tillage with straw mulching (NT) and optimized subsoiling with straw mulching (OST). Tillage in the summer fallow season significantly affected the soil moisture, and the physiological characteristics in flag leaves, grain yield of wheat in dryland, but the effects on the physiological characteristics varied in different grain filling stage. Compared with CP, the soil moisture in DP, NT and OST increased significantly by 4.1%, 6.2% and 13.2%, respectively, averaged from sowing to maturity. The flag leaf net photosynthetic rate (P_n) in OST were increased by 6.3%~114.4% than that in CP, DP and NT. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities in flag leaves in OST were increased by 0.3%~39.8%, 10.3%~66.7% and 5.6%~46.2%, but the soluble sugar (SS) and proline (Pro) were significantly decreased by 4.1%~31.8% and 3.5%~53.4%, compared with other tillage practices during the whole grain filling stage. Compared with CP, the 4-year average yield in DP, NT and OST were significantly increased by 18.5%, 11.5% and 35.3%, respectively. OST were beneficial to increase spike numbers and 1000-grain weight, DP was beneficial to increase grains per spike. The correlation analysis results showed that the correlation between the grain yield and the physiological parameters in flag leaves varied according to growing season, grain filling stage and measured index.Increased CAT activity during the whole grain filling stage, as well as P_n and SOD activity during the medium, and medium and late grain filling stages and decreased SS and Pro content during the whole grain filling stage in flag leaves were beneficial to increase grain yield in dryland winter wheat. In conclusion, optimized subsoiling with straw mulching(OST), where subsoiling was conducted after about 14 days of previous wheat harvest and straw mulching during the summer fallow season improved the soil moisture at sowing and then during the growth stage, thereby imporved flag leaf photosynthetic characteristics increased resistance, and ultimately increased the grain yield of wheat. Therefore, OST was an optimal tillage practice in summer fallow season for realizing high yields in dryland wheat.

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