| 寸玉洁,郑大圣,王瑞.氮素对开花期受旱玉米根系特性及产量形成的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2025,(1):139~150 |
| 氮素对开花期受旱玉米根系特性及产量形成的影响 |
| Effects of nitrogen on root characteristics and yield formation in drought\|stressed maize during the flowering stage |
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| DOI：10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2025.01.15 |
| 中文关键词: 氮素 干旱胁迫 玉米 根系特性 产量 |
| 英文关键词:nitrogen drought stress maize root characteristics yield |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金（31801300） |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 以抗旱型玉米品种‘郑单958’和干旱敏感型品种‘先玉335’为试验材料，采用土柱栽培的方式探究不同水分处理（正常灌水W1，干旱胁迫W0）和不同氮素水平（N0：0 g·株-1，N1：7.2 g·株-1）对开花期受旱玉米根系形态结构和生理特性及地上部生长与籽粒产量的影响。结果表明：开花期干旱胁迫抑制气生根和浅层节根的发生与生长，导致根系的总根长、总根表面积和总根体积较正常灌溉处理分别下降1.30%～38.73%、4.95%～42.42%和17.69%～51.58%；氮素的施用促进气生根及浅层节根的生长，缓解了干旱胁迫对根系生长的不利影响。开花期干旱导致根系活跃吸收面积比例降低5.56%～18.46%，施用氮肥后干旱处理下玉米根系活跃吸收面积比例和根系活力分别提升7.54%～11.65%和40.79%～44.84%。玉米地上部生长对干旱和氮素的响应规律与根系表现基本一致，干旱胁迫导致叶片SPAD、叶面积、植株生物量显著降低，而施用氮肥后叶片SPAD、叶面积、植株生物量分别提升28.57%~31.25%、14.60%~35.76%、14.72%~42.63%；施氮处理的耐旱指数较不施氮处理提升1.59倍～3.52倍。开花期干旱导致收获期玉米穗粒数降低12.97%～30.69%，氮素亏缺主要影响百粒重（降幅7.48%～38.94%），施用氮肥促进开花期受旱玉米籽粒产量提升19.82%～166.47%。‘先玉335’对干旱胁迫及氮素调节的响应较‘郑单9585’更为敏感。综上，适量施用氮肥促进了开花期受旱玉米根系的生长及生理活性提高，有利于植株对土壤水分和养分的吸收，同时促进地上部的物质生产和籽粒产量建成，从而有效提升玉米抗旱性能。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| Two maize cultivars with differing drought sensitivities—drought\|resistant ‘Zhengdan 958’ and drought\|sensitive ‘Xianyu 335’—were grown in soil columns under varying water treatments (normal irrigation and drought stress) and nitrogen levels (0 and 7.2 g·plant-1). The objective was to investigate the effects of these factors on root morphology, physiology, aboveground growth, and grain yield under drought stress during the flowering stage. The results showed that drought stress at the flowering stage inhibited the occurrence and growth of brace roots and shallow crown roots, leading to a decrease in total root length, total root surface area, and total root volume by 1.30%～38.73%, 4.95%～42.42%, and 17.69%～51.58%, respectively. N application promoted the growth of brace roots and shallow crown roots, alleviating the adverse effects of drought stress on root growth. Regarding the root physiological activity, drought reduced the proportion of active absorption area by 5.56%～18.46%, while N application increased the proportion of active absorption area and root activity under drought by 7.54%～11.65% and 40.79%～44.84%, respectively. The response of maize aboveground growth to drought and N was generally consistent with that of the root system. Drought stress significantly reduced leaf SPAD, leaf area, and plant biomass, while N applications increased leaf SPAD, leaf area and plant biomass by 28.57%~31.25%, 14.60%~35.76% and 14.72%~42.63%, respectively. The drought resistance index of N-treated plants was 1.59～3.52 times higher than that of plants without N application. Drought stress during the flowering stage resulted in a 12.97% to 30.69% reduction in the grain numbers per spike at harvest, whereas nitrogen deficiency primarily impacted the 100-grain weight, leading to a decrease of 7.48% to 38.94%. N application promoted grain yield of maize under drought stress at the flowering stage by 19.82%～166.47%. ‘Xianyu 335’ was more sensitive to drought stress and N regulation than ‘Zhengdan 958’. In conclusion, the application of nitrogen enhanced root growth and physiological activity in maize under drought stress during the flowering stage, improving soil water and nutrient absorption. It also promoted aboveground biomass production and grain yield formation, significantly boosting maize’s drought resistance. |
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