| 孙惠东,曹红霞,刘林桃,杜国腾.有机肥配合化肥减施对河西绿洲灌区春玉米产量、品质及水氮利用的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2025,(3):158~169 |
| 有机肥配合化肥减施对河西绿洲灌区春玉米产量、品质及水氮利用的影响 |
| Effects of organic fertilizer combined with reduced chemical fertilizer on spring maize yield, quality, and water\|nitrogen utilization in the Hexi oasis irrigation area |
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| DOI：10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2025.03.17 |
| 中文关键词: 春玉米 有机肥 化肥减施 产量 籽粒品质 水氮利用 |
| 英文关键词:spring maize organic fertilizer chemical fertilizer reduction yield grain quality water and nitrogen utilization |
| 基金项目:“十四五”国家重点研发计划项目（2023YFD2301103） |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 为探明河西绿洲灌区春玉米优质高效生产的化肥减施潜力，基于当地推荐施氮量（260 kg·hm-2），以单施化肥为对照，探究有机肥替代30%化肥并配合5种化肥减施量对春玉米产量、籽粒品质及水氮利用的影响。结果表明：有机肥配合适量化肥减施可以改善穗部性状，增加穗粒数的同时促进地上部生物量向籽粒分配，从而提高春玉米产量。有机肥替代30%化肥（78 kg·hm-2）配施211 kg·hm-2化肥，即有机肥配合化肥减施18.85%可获得最高产量19 323 kg·hm-2；有机肥替代30%化肥（78 kg·hm-2）配施187 kg·hm-2化肥，即有机肥配合化肥减施28.08%可获得最大收获指数60.46%。有机肥配合适量化肥减施可以增加春玉米淀粉、可溶性糖和还原性糖含量，且随着化肥减施比例增加，籽粒体内形成更多的粗脂肪。有机肥配合适量化肥减施可以增加春玉米地上部氮累积量，促进氮累积量向籽粒分配，提高水氮利用效率。有机肥替代30%化肥（78 kg·hm-2）配施193 kg·hm-2化肥，即有机肥配合化肥减施25.77%可获得最大氮累积量242.79 kg·hm-2。有机肥替代30%化肥（78 kg·hm-2）配施173 kg·hm-2化肥，即有机肥配合化肥减施33.46%可获得最高氮肥利用率33.96%。有机肥配合适量化肥减施可以有效固定0~40 cm土层土壤硝态氮，降低其向深层渗漏的风险。基于主成分分析综合评价不同处理对春玉米产量、籽粒品质及水氮利用的影响，同时考虑经济效益，推荐有机肥替代30%化肥（78 kg·hm-2）配合化肥减施18.85%~33.46%（49~87 kg·hm-2）可作为河西绿洲灌区较低肥力砂壤土的有效提质增效技术并具有推广潜力。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| To explore the potential of high\|quality and efficient chemical fertilizer reduction in spring maize cultivation in the Hexi oasis irrigation area, this study investigated the effects of replacing 30% of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer alone, alongside five different chemical fertilizers, on spring maize yield, grain quality, and water and nitrogen use efficiency. The results showed organic fertilizer combined with appropriate amount of chemical fertilizer improved ear traits, increased the number of grains per ear, and promoted the distribution of aboveground biomass to grains, thereby increasing the yield of spring maize. Based on the local recommended nitrogen application rate (260 kg·hm-2), organic fertilizer replaced 30% chemical fertilizer (78 kg·hm-2) with 211 kg·hm-2 chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer reduced by 18.85% to obtain the highest yield of 19 323 kg·hm-2. Organic fertilizer replaced 30% chemical fertilizer (78 kg·hm-2) with 187 kg·hm-2 chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer reduced by 28.08% to obtain the maximum harvest index of 60.46%. Organic fertilizer combined with appropriate amount of chemical fertilizer increased spring corn starch, soluble sugar and reducing sugar. Principal component analysis showed that more crude fat was formed in the grains with the reduction of chemical fertilizer application. Organic fertilizer combined with appropriate amount of chemical fertilizer can increase the nitrogen accumulation in the shoots of spring maize and promote the distribution of nitrogen accumulation to grains. It also can improve the water and nitrogen use efficiency. Organic fertilizer replaced 30% chemical fertilizer (78 kg·hm-2) with 193 kg·hm-2 chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer was reduced by 25.77% to obtain the maximum nitrogen accumulation of 242.79 kg·hm-2. Organic fertilizer replaced 30% chemical fertilizer (78 kg·hm-2) with 173 kg·hm-2 chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer was reduced by 33.46% to obtain the highest nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency of 33.96%. The application of organic fertilizer combined with an appropriate amount of chemical fertilizer can effectively fix nitrate nitrogen in the 0~40 cm surface layer of soil, reducing the risk of leaching into deeper layers. Based on principal component analysis, the effects of different treatments on yield, grain quality, and water and nitrogen utilization in spring maize were comprehensively evaluated. Considering economic benefits, it is recommended that organic fertilizer replace 30% of chemical fertilizer (78 kg·hm-2), reducing chemical fertilizer use by 18.85%~33.46% (49~87 kg·hm-2), as a quality\| and efficiency\|improving technology for lower\|fertility sandy loam soil in the Hexi oasis irrigation area. |
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