| 付永柯,李玲玲,谢军红,王林林,张元红,魏巧俏.覆盖作物对陇中旱农区马铃薯农田水分利用特征的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2025,(3):182~190 |
| 覆盖作物对陇中旱农区马铃薯农田水分利用特征的影响 |
| Effects of cover crops on water use characteristics in potato fields of the Longzhong dry farming region, Gansu province |
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| DOI：10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2025.03.19 |
| 中文关键词: 马铃薯 覆盖作物 农田耗水量 耗水结构 水分利用效率 产量 |
| 英文关键词:potato cover crop farmland water consumption water consumption structure water use efficiency yield |
| 基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目（2021YFD1900700）；干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室主任基金（GSCS-2022-Z02） |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 于2023年设置马铃薯垄沟覆盖作物种类及播期的大田试验，设置5个处理：马铃薯播前两周播种箭筈豌豆（PV1）、与马铃薯同期播种箭筈豌豆（PV2）、马铃薯播前两周播种毛叶苕子（PM1）、与马铃薯同期播种毛叶苕子（PM2）、单作马铃薯（P），研究不同覆盖作物及播期对马铃薯的农田土壤水分、耗水量、蒸发蒸腾、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：（1）与P处理相比，各覆盖处理均能不同程度增加马铃薯全生育期尤其是花后（覆盖作物刈割后）田间0~110 cm土层土壤含水量，且毛叶苕子覆盖处理对土壤水分的提升效果优于箭筈豌豆；PM1处理能显著提高块茎膨大期田间0~110 cm土层土壤贮水量，较P处理提高7.78%。（2）与P处理相比，各覆盖处理均能不同程度降低马铃薯全生育期的棵间蒸发量、蒸发与蒸散比和耗水量，其中PM1处理马铃薯全生育期棵间蒸发量和蒸发与蒸散比降幅最大，分别显著降低29.64%和25.66%；与P处理相比，PM1处理马铃薯花前（覆盖作物生长期）的蒸腾量显著提高9.67%，但耗水量无显著变化，覆盖作物刈割后，各覆盖处理耗水量均显著低于P处理，降幅为5.85%~16.64%。（3）PM1处理块茎产量、商品薯率和水分利用效率分别较其余处理显著提高8.89%~35.95%、17.10%~49.98%和8.87%~43.75%。因此，马铃薯播前两周垄沟播种毛叶苕子且刈割后覆盖在垄沟可为马铃薯块茎膨大期提供水分保障，同时优化耗水结构，从而提高马铃薯产量和水分利用效率，保障陇中旱农区马铃薯稳产高产。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| A field experiment was conducted in 2023 to identify suitable cover crops and their optimal sowing periods for potatoes grown in furrows. The experiment included five treatments: sowing Vicia sativa two weeks before potato planting (PV1), sowing Vicia sativa concurrently with potato planting (PV2), sowing hairy vetch two weeks before potato planting (PM1), sowing hairy vetch concurrently with potato planting (PM2), and a potato monoculture as the control (P). The study examined the effects of different cover crops and sowing periods on soil moisture, water consumption, evapotranspiration, potato yield, and water use efficiency in field conditions. The results indicate that: (1) Each covering treatment increased the soil moisture content of the 0~110 cm soil layer in the field, throughout the growth period especially after potato flowering (after cutting cover crops) to varying degrees compared with the P treatment. The effect of the hairy vetch treatment was better than that of the Vicia sativa treatment. Moreover, PM1 treatment significantly increased the soil moisture storage in the 0~110 cm soil layer during the tuber expansion period, which was 7.78% higher than the P treatment. (2) The covering treatment reduced potatoes’ soil evaporation, E/ET, and water consumption to varying degrees throughout the growth period of potatoes over P treatment. The PM1 treatment had the best effect on reducing soil evaporation and the E/ET during the whole growth period of potatoes, significantly lower than the P treatment by 29.64% and 25.66%, respectively as compared to P treatment. Pre\|potato flowering (the growth period of cover crops), the transpiration of PM1 treatment was significantly higher than P treatment by 9.67%, but there was no significant difference in water consumption between these two treatments. After cutting cover crops, the water consumption of each covering treatment was significantly lower than P treatment by 5.85%~16.64%. (3) The potato yield, commercial potato rate and water use efficiency of PM1 were significantly higher than other treatments by 8.89%~35.95%, 17.10%~49.98%, and 8.87%~43.75%, respectively. Therefore, sowing hairy vetch in furrows and covering it with cuttings two weeks before planting potatoes can ensure adequate water supply during the tuber expansion period, optimize water consumption patterns, improve potato yield and water use efficiency, and promote stable, high yields in the arid agricultural regions of central Gansu. |
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