| 王新宇,秦伟,白克力·肉孜,杨洋,吴明江,刘嫒,吴雨卓,刘立强.吐鲁番杏树园地条件与种植现状分析[J].干旱地区农业研究,2025,(4):230~241 |
| 吐鲁番杏树园地条件与种植现状分析 |
| Analysis of orchard conditions and current status of apricot cultivation in Turpan City |
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| DOI：10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2025.04.24 |
| 中文关键词: 杏 品种 立地条件 种植技术 树体结构 |
| 英文关键词:apricot variety site conditions planting techniques tree structure |
| 基金项目:国家重大科技项目“第三次新疆综合科学考察课题—吐哈盆地植物多样性与特色经济林果资源调查”（2022xjkk1201） |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 在吐鲁番市高昌区、鄯善县和托克逊县杏树种植的主要行政村，选择具有代表性的杏园，依据种植密度设置选取40个样地作为研究对象，通过对园地农户进行访问，同时实地调查杏树种植区园地条件、种植管理现状及防护林配置，分析该地区杏树种植的立地条件和栽培管理现状，探讨目前存在的问题并提出建议，以期为当地优化杏树种植管理水平提供科学依据。结果表明：（1）吐鲁番市杏树种植区海拔变幅为-109.0～658.7 m，平均海拔85.9 m，67.5%的杏园分布在海拔100.0 m以下；园地土壤有沙壤土、砺石沙土、沙石土和砾石沙壤土4种类型，其中77.5%杏园土壤为沙壤土；77.5%杏园建植于平地，其他为3.0°～7.0°缓坡至斜坡地。（2）杏品种多样，以早熟杏‘苏勒坦’为主栽品种，占比高达47.5%；结果盛期的杏园占比为62.5%，其平均树龄为12 a；17.5%的杏园因树体结构管理不到位，园地过度郁闭，生命期提前呈现结果后期的特征。（3）杏树种植方式及定植方法分别以长方形和穴植为主，少数有坡度的杏园采用垄植和沟植；种植密度变化显著（21～83株·667m-2），以33、44、56株·667m-2的杏园为主；所有调查的杏园中70.0%有缺株现象，其中22.5%的杏园缺株率在20.0%以上，显著影响园相和杏产量。（4）幼龄杏园采取间作种植模式，成龄园的土壤管理以清耕为主；62.5%的杏园灌溉制度为传统的地面漫灌。（5）调查杏园中的树形以3～5主枝自然开心形为主，树冠开张角度不够，主枝基角的平均值为43.5°；结果盛期和结果后期园盖度均偏高，分别为72.4%和77.3%。（6）防护林依靠护路林进行建设，为单层通风结构，田间林带建植规格较低，缺乏建植标准，且部分杏园未配置防护林。综上，吐鲁番市杏树种植区主要分布在100.0 m以下的低海拔、地势平坦的沙壤土区域；主要存在种植品种结构单一、种植密度不合理、树形管理不到位、传统漫灌浪费水源及防护林配置不健全等问题。建议合理调控品种搭配与区划种植，合理配置种植密度，推广节水灌溉技术，完善树形管理技术，同时加强防护林建设，优化并推行种植技术标准，以有效提升杏树种植水平与效益。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| Representative apricot orchards were selected from the major administrative villages in Gaochang District, Shanshan County,and Tuokexun County in Turpan City,and 40 sample plots were established as research objects based on planting density settings for study. Field surveys were conducted to assess orchard site conditions,the current status of cultivation management, and shelterbelt configurations, accompanied by interviews with local farmers. The site conditions and cultivation management practices of apricot orchards in this region were analyzed, the existing problems were discussed, and suggestions were put forward so as to provide a scientific basis for local optimization of apricot planting management level. The results showed that: (1) The elevation of apricot orchards in Turpan varies from -109.0 m to 658.7 m,with an average elevation of 85.9 m. 67.5% of orchards were located at an elevation of less than 100.0 m. Four soil types were identified:sandy loam,gritty sandy soil,sandy\|stony soil,and gravelly sandy loam,among which 77.5% were sandy loam. A total of 77.5% of orchards were established on flat terrain,with the remainder on gentle to moderate slopes (3.0°~7.0°). (2) A diverse range of apricot cultivars was grown,with the early\|maturing apricot ‘Suletan’ being the dominant variety (47.5%). Orchards in the full fruiting stage account for 62.5%,with an average tree age of 12 years. In 17.5% of orchards,the poor tree shape management led to excessive shading,and the lifespan was advanced to prematurely show the characteristics of late fruiting stages. (3) Apricot trees were primarily planted in rectangular and pit planting methods. A few apricot gardens with sloped land adopted the ridge and furrow planting. Planting densities varied significantly (21~83 trees per 667 m2), with apricot gardens of 33, 44, and 56 trees per 667m2 predominating. A total of 70.0% of surveyed orchards exhibited missing trees, with 22.5% having a vacancy rate of 20.0% or more, which significantly affected orchard uniformity and yield. (4) Young orchards often adopted intercropping systems, while mature orchards primarily used clean tillage. Traditional surface flood irrigation was employed in 62.5% of orchards. (5) The predominant tree shape was the natural open\|center form with 3~5 main branches, with an inadequate crown opening angle, and the average value of the base angle of the primary branch was 43.5°. Orchard canopy coverage was excessive in both full fruiting (72.4%) and late fruiting stages (77.3%). (6) Shelterbelts mainly were constructed by relying on roadside protective forests, which were single\|layer ventilated structures with generally low construction standards for field forest belts. Some orchards lacked shelterbelt configurations entirely. In summary, apricot orchards in Turpan were mainly distributed in low\|elevation, flat areas with sandy loam soils. There were key problems, including single planting variety structure, unreasonable planting density, inadequate tree shape management, waste of water source by traditional flood irrigation, and incomplete configuration of the shelterbelt system. It is recommended to optimize cultivar combinations and regional planting patterns, reasonably allocate planting density, promote water\|saving irrigation technology, improve tree management practices, and strengthen shelterbelt construction. The standardization and promotion of these technical standards can significantly enhance apricot production levels and economic benefits. |
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