| 张科,陈晓丽,魏文龙,李世清,罗珠珠,王林林.有机无机肥配施对黄土高原旱地春小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2025,(5):97~108 |
| 有机无机肥配施对黄土高原旱地春小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响 |
| Effects of organic\|inorganic fertilizer combination on yield and water use efficiency of spring wheat in dryland of the Loess Plateau |
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| DOI：10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2025.05.10 |
| 中文关键词: 春小麦 有机无机肥配施 水分利用效率 产量 黄土高原 |
| 英文关键词:spring wheat organic\|inorganic fertilizer combination application water use efficiency yield Loess Plateau |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金（42167008）；国家重点研发计划项目（2023YFD1900403） |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 为了探讨氮磷肥配施和有机无机肥配施对小麦水分利用效率和产量的影响及其机制，于2023—2024年在陇中旱农区开展了田间试验。试验设置8个处理，分别是不施肥（CK）、氮磷化肥单施和配施（P、N、NP）及有机肥单施和有机无机肥配施（M、MP、MN、MNP），研究氮磷肥配施和有机无机肥配施对于小麦蒸腾耗水（Tc）、蒸散量（ETc）、作物籽粒灌浆速率、作物产量和水分利用效率（WUEg）的影响。结果表明：相比化肥施用处理（P，NP），有机无机肥配施处理（MP，MNP）下，小麦苗期的Tc显著增加47.3%和56.7%。相比P和N处理，MP和MN处理显著增加小麦开花期的Tc，增幅为116.2%~122.6%，开花期的ETc显著提高 22.2%~25.2%。相比CK处理，氮磷肥施用处理平均提高产量28.6%~80.2%，WUEg提高30.4%~100%，其中以NP处理产量和WUEg最高。相比于单施化肥处理，有机无机肥配施分别增加了小麦产量和WUEg15.4%~32.3%和6.5%~37.5%，其中MNP处理的产量和WUEg提高幅度最大。随机森林模型分析结果显示，相较于化肥施用处理，有机无机肥配施显著提高了灌浆期的阶段水分利用效率67.7%~166.7%，增加了花后干物质积累61.3%~89.8%,提高了花后干物质对籽粒的贡献率23.2%~37.2%，增加了弱势粒数目20.5%~43.8%，提高了弱势粒灌浆速率7.4%~58.3%,提高了弱势粒产量4.6%~80.5%，从而增加了籽粒产量和WUEg。综上所述，有机无机肥配施（MNP处理）通过促进土壤水转化为作物水，提高干物质积累，促进弱势粒灌浆及弱势粒产量，提高了旱地小麦产量和WUEg。因此，综合考虑产量和水分利用效率，陇中旱农区应以MNP施肥方式为宜。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| A two\|year field experiment (2023-2024) was conducted in the arid farming region of central Gansu Province (Loess Plateau) to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of combined nitrogen\|phosphorus (NP) fertilization and combined organic\|inorganic fertilization on water use efficiency (WUEg) and yield of spring wheat. Eight treatments were implemented: unfertilized control (CK), sole chemical fertilizers (P, N, and NP), sole organic fertilizer (M), and combined organic\|inorganic fertilizers (MP, MN, and MNP). Key parameters,including wheat transpiration consumption (Tc), evapotranspiration (ETc), grain filling rate, grain yield, and WUEg, were evaluated. The results showed that, compared to chemical fertilizer treatments (P, NP), the combined organic\|inorganic treatments (MP, MNP) significantly increased Tcduring the seedling stage by 47.3% and 56.7%, respectively. Comparedto P and N treatments, MP and MN significantly enhanced Tcduring the flowering stage by 116.2%~122.6%, concurrently increasing the proportion of water consumption at the flowering stage (Tc/ETc) by 22.2%~25.2%. Compared to CK, chemical NP fertilizer treatments increased grain yield and WUEg by 28.6%~80.2% and 30.4%~100%, respectively, with NP treatment achieving the highest values. Combined organic\|inorganic fertilization further increased grain yield and WUEg by 15.4%~32.3% and 6.5%~37.5%, respectively, compared to sole chemical fertilizer treatments, with MNP exhibiting the greatest improvement. Random Forest analysis revealed that the yield and WUEg enhancement under combined fertilization primarily resulted from a significant increase (67.7%~166.7%) in stage\|specific water use efficiency during the grain\|filling period; elevated post\|anthesis dry matter accumulation (61.3%~89.8%) and its contribution to grain yield (23.2%~37.2%); an increased number of inferior grains (20.5%~43.8%); and improved grain filling rate (7.4%~58.3%) and yield (4.6%~80.5%) of inferior grains. In conclusion, combined organic\|inorganic fertilization, particularly the MNP treatment, enhances grain yield and WUEg in dryland spring wheat by promoting “soil water\|crop water” conversion, increasing dry matter accumulation, and improving the filling and yield of inferior grains. Therefore, the MNP fertilization strategy is recommended for optimizing both yield and water productivity in the arid farming regions of the central Loess Plateau. |
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