| 王玉明,杜娅丹,胡笑涛,曹红霞,李田田,李晓雁,延廷霖,谷晓博.关键生育期补灌量对陕北春玉米产量和水氮利用的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2025,(6):129~139 |
| 关键生育期补灌量对陕北春玉米产量和水氮利用的影响 |
| Effects of supplemental irrigation at critical fertility periods on yield and water and nitrogen utilization of spring maize in northern Shaanxi Province |
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| DOI：10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2025.06.13 |
| 中文关键词: spring maize supplemental irrigation amount dry matter accumulation yield water\|nitrogen use efficiency |
| 英文关键词:春玉米 补灌水量 干物质累积 产量 水氮利用效率 |
| 基金项目:陕西省重点研发计划项目（2023-ZDLNY-46） |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 为明确春玉米关键生育时期补充灌溉对其产量和水氮利用的影响，提出有利于陕北旱区春玉米节水节肥保产的适宜补灌量，以‘榆单896’为试验材料，在膜下滴灌条件下，设置0 mm（I0）、75 mm（I1）、150 mm（I2）、225 mm（I3）和300 mm（I4）5个补灌处理（施氮量均为240 kg·hm-2），以当地充分灌溉300 mm和施氮300 kg·hm-2作为对照（CK），研究不同补灌水量对春玉米生长、叶绿素含量（SPAD）、地上部干物质累积量、产量和水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明：相同施氮量下，关键生育期补灌春玉米株高、茎粗、叶面积指数和SPAD分别提高5.63%~24.56%、4.44%~17.68%、11.73%~35.55%和2.32%~29.38%；2023年和2024年地上部干物质累积量分别为I3和I4处理最大，其快速累积持续时间较其它处理分别增加了1~8 d和4~12 d。产量和氮肥偏生产力（NPFP）随补灌量的增加而增大，2023年和2024年分别为I3、I4处理最大，分别为11 076.34 kg·hm-2、51.80 kg·kg-1和12 156.95 kg·hm-2、50.65 kg·kg-1，而I3与I4差异不显著（P>0.05）。2023年和2024年水分利用效率（WUE）均随补灌量增加呈先增大后减小趋势，I3处理WUE最高，两年分别为30.29 kg·hm-2·d-1和28.06 kg·hm-2·d-1。综合考虑产量和水氮利用效率，利用熵权法对各指标权重进行计算，并对各处理进行综合评价打分，排序为CK>I3>I4>I2>I1>I0，但I3处理两年WUE和NPFP分别较CK处理平均增加3.81%和5.77%。由于当地水资源极度匮乏，CK处理经济投入较大，不符合节水节肥高产的要求。因此，推荐补灌量和施氮量分别为225 mm和240 kg·hm-2（I3）为陕北春玉米节水高效生产的最优管理措施。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| To clarify the effects of supplemental irrigation during key growth stages on spring maize yield and the utilization efficiency of water and nitrogen, this study aimed to determine an optimal irrigation amount that ensures water\|saving, nitrogen\|saving, and yield stability in the arid regions of northern Shaanxi. Using the spring maize variety ‘Yudan 896’ under drip irrigation beneath plastic mulch, five supplemental irrigation levels were set: 0 mm (I0), 75 mm (I1), 150 mm (I2), 225 mm (I3), and 300 mm (I4), all with a nitrogen application rate of 240 kg·hm-2. A local conventional practice with full irrigation of 300 mm and nitrogen application of 300 kg·hm-2 served as the control (CK). The effects of different irrigation levels on plant growth, chlorophyll content (SPAD), aboveground dry matter accumulation, yield, and water and nitrogen use efficiencies were investigated. The results showed that under the same nitrogen input, supplemental irrigation during key growth stages significantly promoted plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index, and SPAD values, increasing by 5.63%~24.56%, 4.44%~17.68%, 11.73%~35.55%, and 2.32%~29.38%, respectively. In 2023 and 2024, the maximum aboveground dry matter accumulation occurred in the I3 and I4 treatments, respectively, with the rapid accumulation period extended by 1~8 days and 4~12 days compared to other treatments. Grain yield and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP) increased with the irrigation amount, peaking at I3 in 2023 (11 076.34 kg·hm-2 and 51.80 kg·kg-1) and at I4 in 2024 (12 156.95 kg·hm-2 and 50.65 kg·kg-1), though no significant differences were observed between I3 and I4 (P>0.05). Water use efficiency (WUE) showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with increasing irrigation. The highest WUE was observed under I3 treatment, with 30.29 kg·hm-2·d-1 in 2023 and 28.06 kg·hm-2·d-1 in 2024. Considering both yield and resource use efficiency, the entropy weight method was applied to calculate the weight of each indicator and to conduct a comprehensive evaluation. The treatment rankings were CK>I3>I4>I2>I1>I0. However, I3 treatment outperformed CK in terms of average WUE and NPFP over the two years, increasing by 3.81% and 5.77%, respectively. Given the region’s severe water scarcity and the high economic cost of CK, the CK treatment does not align with the study’s goals of water- and nitrogen\|saving with high yield. Therefore, the I3 treatment — with 225 mm irrigation and 240 kg·hm-2 nitrogen application — is recommended as the optimal water\|efficient management practice for spring maize production in northern Shaanxi. |
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