不同氨化处理对还田秸秆养分释放及夏玉米生长的影响

方妍欣; 王博; 林南屏; 庞津雯; 付浩川; 李贺男; 张浩磊; 李想; 董勤各; 冯浩

方妍欣,王博,林南屏,庞津雯,付浩川,李贺男,张浩磊,李想,董勤各,冯浩.不同氨化处理对还田秸秆养分释放及夏玉米生长的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2026,(1):208~218

不同氨化处理对还田秸秆养分释放及夏玉米生长的影响

Effects of different ammonia treatments on nutrient release from returned straw and maize growth

DOI：10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2026.01.21

中文关键词: 夏玉米秸秆腐解养分释放产量形成氮素分配

英文关键词:summer maize straw decomposition nutrient release yield formation nitrogen partitioning

基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目（2023YFD1900300）

作者	单位
方妍欣	西北农林科技大学水利与建筑工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100
王博	西北农林科技大学水利与建筑工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100
林南屏	中国科学院教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心,陕西杨凌 712100
庞津雯	西北农林科技大学水利与建筑工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100
付浩川	西北农林科技大学水利与建筑工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100
李贺男	西北农林科技大学水利与建筑工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100
张浩磊	西北农林科技大学水利与建筑工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100
李想	西北农林科技大学水利与建筑工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100
董勤各	西北农林科技大学黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌 712100 西北农林科技大学水土保持科学与工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100
冯浩	西北农林科技大学黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌 712100 西北农林科技大学水土保持科学与工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100

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中文摘要:

为研究不同氨化处理对还田秸秆养分释放及作物生长的影响，探讨关中地区秸秆资源高效利用和作物增产的可行方案，2023—2024年于夏玉米全生育期设置5个Ca(OH)₂用量氨化处理：AS1（1%，秸秆干物质量百分比）、AS2（3%）、AS3（5%）、AS4（7%）、AS5（9%），以秸秆常规还田（ST）为对照，探究夏玉米生育季生长指标、产量及构成要素、氮素积累量和各器官氮素分配量；同时设置尼龙袋试验，分析秸秆腐解、养分（N、P、K）释放的动态变化。结果表明：2023年和2024年AS2处理秸秆腐解量显著高于其他处理，较其他氨化处理分别显著增加6.94%~24.84%和8.64%~26.83%，较ST处理分别显著增加29.41%和39.71%。氨化处理时Ca(OH)₂用量不同对秸秆养分释放的调控效果存在差异，其中AS2处理对秸秆养分释放的促进作用最为明显，其收获期N、P、K释放率分别较ST处理增加52.55%、23.97%和10.64%。相较于ST处理，AS2处理2023年和2024年株高分别增加6.06%和8.35%；两年夏玉米生育季不同处理最大叶面积指数(LAI)变化范围分别为3.10~3.67和3.01~3.65，其中AS2比ST处理分别增加5.77%和29.43%。AS2处理两年夏玉米收获期地上部生物量均高于其他处理，分别达到22 117.68 kg·hm^-2和23 310.73 kg·hm^-2；该处理两年产量均高于其他处理，其2024年产量达到12 988.84 kg·hm^-2，较2023年提高35.11%。2023年和2024年AS2处理收获期夏玉米地上部氮素积累量分别较其他处理显著增加16.24%~74.11%和33.31%~62.19%，氮素在穗部的分配比例分别达到74.17%和78.13%。综上，氨化秸秆碱用量为3%可加快秸秆腐解及养分释放，促进作物生长及氮素吸收，提高作物产量，更适合在关中地区推广。

英文摘要:

To investigate the effects of different ammoniation treatments on nutrient release from returned straw and on crop growth, and to explore feasible schemes for the full and efficient utilization of straw resources and yield improvement in the Guanzhong region, five calcium hydroxide dosages were applied during the full growth period of summer maize in 2023 and 2024: AS1: 1%, AS2: 3%, AS3: 5%, AS4: 7%, and AS5: 9% (percentage of straw dry matter), with conventional straw return (ST) as the control. A nylon\|bag (litterbag) experiment was set up to analyze the dynamic changes in straw residue and nutrient (N, P, K) release. During the summer maize growing season, plant samples were collected to analyze crop growth indicators, yield and its components, nitrogen accumulation, and nitrogen allocation among plant organs. The results showed that in 2023 and 2024, the straw decomposition under AS2 was significantly higher than under other treatments, increasing by 6.94% to 24.84%, and 8.64% to 26.83% compared with the other ammoniation treatments and by 29.41% and 39.71% compared with ST, respectively. The regulation of straw nutrient release by ammoniation varied with calcium hydroxide dosage, among which AS2 had the most significant promoting effect. Compared with ST, the N, P, and K release rates at harvest under AS2 increased by 52.55%, 23.97%, and 10.64%, respectively. Relative to ST, plant height under AS2 increased by 6.06% and 8.35% in 2023 and 2024, respectively. During the two years, the ranges of maximum leaf area index (LAI) among treatments were 3.10 to 3.67, and 3.01 to 3.65, with AS2 increasing over ST by 5.77% and 29.43%, respectively. In both years, aboveground biomass at harvest under AS2 was significantly higher than under the other treatments, reaching 22 117.68 kg·hm^-2 and 23 310.73 kg·hm^-2. In 2024, the yield under AS2 reached 12 988.84 kg·hm^-2, an increase of 35.11% over 2023. In 2023 and 2024, nitrogen accumulation in summer maize in harvest under AS2 increased significantly by 16.24% to 74.11%, and 33.31% to 62.19% compared with the other treatments, with the proportion of nitrogen allocated to the ear reaching 74.17% and 78.13%, respectively. In summary, an alkalinity (calcium hydroxide) dosage of 3% for ammoniated straw can better accelerate straw decomposition and nutrient release, promote crop growth and nitrogen uptake, increase yield, and is more suitable for promotion in the Guanzhong region.

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