不同地膜覆盖对春玉米生长及杂草控制的影响

刘利霞; 梁哲铭; 杨治平; 岳善超; 白炬; 王永亮

刘利霞,梁哲铭,杨治平,岳善超,白炬,王永亮.不同地膜覆盖对春玉米生长及杂草控制的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2026,(1):240~251

不同地膜覆盖对春玉米生长及杂草控制的影响

Effects of different mulching films on the growth of spring maize and weed control

DOI：10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2026.01.24

中文关键词: 春玉米黑色地膜土壤水温氮素利用率杂草控制产量

英文关键词:spring maize black plastic film soil moisture and temperature nitrogen use efficiency weeds control yield

基金项目:山西省科技重大专项计划项目（202201140601028）；山西省现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金（2024CYJSTX01-14）

作者	单位
刘利霞	山西农业大学生态环境产业技术研究院,山西太原 030031；土壤健康山西省实验室,山西太原 030031
梁哲铭	山西农业大学生态环境产业技术研究院,山西太原 030031；土壤健康山西省实验室,山西太原 030031
杨治平	山西农业大学生态环境产业技术研究院,山西太原 030031；土壤健康山西省实验室,山西太原 030031
岳善超	山西农业大学生态环境产业技术研究院,山西太原 030031；土壤健康山西省实验室,山西太原 030031
白炬	山西农业大学生态环境产业技术研究院,山西太原 030031；土壤健康山西省实验室,山西太原 030031
王永亮	山西农业大学生态环境产业技术研究院,山西太原 030031；土壤健康山西省实验室,山西太原 030031

摘要点击次数: 726

全文下载次数: 161

中文摘要:

基于3 a田间定位试验，设置无覆盖（NM）、黑色地膜覆盖（BM）、白色地膜覆盖（WM）3种处理，分析土壤水热状况、田间杂草生长情况以及春玉米生理特性变化，同时测定春玉米产量、水分利用效率和氮素利用效率。结果表明，与NM相比，BM和WM处理可显著提高玉米生长初期土壤耕层温度和土壤含水率，但在夏季高温期BM处理0~15 cm土层土壤日均温较WM处理有效降低0.5~2.1℃。田间杂草生物量以及氮素吸收量表现为NM>WM>BM，与NM相比，在玉米成熟期WM处理显著降低了67.70%的杂草干质量和53.24%的杂草氮素吸收量；BM处理的控草效果更明显，其玉米成熟期杂草干质量和杂草氮素吸收量分别显著降低93.28%和91.96%。NM、BM和WM各处理3 a的平均产量分别为10.36、12.97 t·hm^-2和12.32 t·hm^-2，与NM相比，BM和WM处理在增加产量的同时，水分利用效率分别提高35.05%和29.98%，成熟期植株吸氮量分别显著提高19.49%和15.28%，氮肥偏生产力分别显著提高25.31%和18.91%，地膜覆盖下杂草吸氮量占地上部植物总吸氮量的比例由21.05%分别降低为1.76%和9.40%。黑色地膜与白色地膜均能提高土壤温度，降低土壤水分蒸发，提高玉米产量、水分和养分利用效率；黑色地膜相较于白色地膜在夏季高温期能够更好地避免土壤温度过度升高，为玉米提供较为适宜的温度环境，且对杂草的抑制作用更为显著，降低了杂草对养分的竞争强度，进一步实现增产。综合考虑保温保墒效果、产量提升潜力以及生态效益，黑色地膜覆盖可作为黄土高原地区玉米生产系统中推动绿色农业发展的有效措施。

英文摘要:

Based on a three\|year field experiment, three treatments of no mulching (NM), black plastic film mulching (BM), and white plastic film mulching (WM) were conducted to analyze the soil hydrothermal dynamics, the growth of weeds in the field, and changes in the physiological characteristics of spring maize, and to determine the yield, the water use efficiency, and the nitrogen use efficiency of spring maize. The results showed that compared with NM, BM and WM could significantly increase topsoil temperature and moisture content during the early maize growth stages. During summer high\|temperature periods, the BM treatment reduced the average daily temperature of the 0-15 cm soil depth by 0.5-2.1℃ compared to WM. The biomass and nitrogen uptake by weeds in the field were in the order NM>WM>BM. At the maturity stage, compared with NM, WM treatment significantly reduced weeds dry mass by 67.70% and weeds nitrogen uptake by 53.24%, while BM treatment was more effective in weed suppression and significantly reduced them by 93.28% and 91.96%, respectively. The three\|year average yields of NM, BM and WM were 10.36, 12.97 t·hm^-2, and 12.32 t·hm^-2, respectively. Compared to NM, BM and WM increased water use efficiency by 35.05% and 29.98%, enhanced plants nitrogen uptake of maturity stage by 19.49% and 15.28%, improved partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer by 25.31% and 18.91%, respectively. Under film mulching, the ratio of weeds nitrogen uptake to aboveground maize nitrogen uptake decreased to 1.76% (BM) and 9.40% (WM), compared to 21.05% in NM. Both black and white mulching films enhanced soil temperature, reduced soil water evaporation, and improved maize yield and resource use efficiency. Compared with white film, black film could more effectively mitigate excessive soil temperature during summer, thereby providing a more favorable thermal environment for maize growth. Moreover, the black mulching film exerted a more significant inhibition effect on weeds, reducing the competition intensity of weeds for nutrients and increasing production. Taking into account the effects of heat preservation and and soil moisture retention, yield improvement potential, and ecological benefits, black plastic film mulching could effectively promote agricultural green development for maize production systems in the Loess Plateau region.

查看全文查看/发表评论下载PDF阅读器