| 车海涛,范晓懂,庞耀悦,何名淞,刘畅,李高良,王亚昆,胡笑涛.深蓄储水灌溉下氮肥分施对冬小麦生理及水氮利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2026,(2):45~56 |
| 深蓄储水灌溉下氮肥分施对冬小麦生理及水氮利用效率的影响 |
| Effects of nitrogen splitting on physiology and water\|nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat under deep water storage irrigation |
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| DOI：10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2026.02.05 |
| 中文关键词: 深蓄储水灌溉 氮肥分施 冬小麦 Logistic模型 氮素吸收效率 产量 |
| 英文关键词:deep water storage irrigation nitrogen fertilizer split application winter wheat Logistic model nitrogen uptake efficiency yield |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金（U2243235）；陕西水利科技计划项目（2022slkj-6） |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 为探究深蓄储水灌溉下不同氮肥分施模式对冬小麦产量和氮素吸收利用的调控效应，于2023年开展冬小麦田间定位试验，设置未深蓄储水灌溉+播前一次性基施氮肥（CK）、深蓄储水灌溉+播前一次性基施氮肥（WN1）、深蓄储水灌溉+30%基肥+70%拔节肥（WN2）、深蓄储水灌溉+30%基肥+40%拔节肥+30%穗肥（WN3）、深蓄储水灌溉+30%基肥+30%拔节肥+20%穗肥+20%灌浆肥（WN4）5个处理，分析冬小麦生长生理特性、干物质累积过程、产量及其构成要素和氮素吸收利用情况，并进行综合评价。结果表明：与未深蓄储水灌溉相比，深蓄储水灌溉能显著促进冬小麦叶面积指数、叶绿素含量和净光合速率提升，使花后干物质积累对籽粒的贡献率、籽粒产量和氮素吸收效率分别显著提高4.61%~12.95%、11.30%~23.10%和20.55%~48.20%。与WN1处理相比，WN3处理进一步优化了小麦生长生理特性，其穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、籽粒产量和氮素吸收效率分别增加2.96%、20.76%、8.75%、23.10%和48.20%。Logistic模型拟合显示，WN3处理更利于干物质向籽粒转移，其“短时高效”的干物质积累模式使花前干物质转运量和花后干物质积累量较深蓄储水灌溉下其他氮肥分施处理分别增加29.31%~60.41%和3.06%~12.78%；而WN4较WN3处理籽粒产量和氮素吸收效率分别降低9.60%和18.65%。综上，深蓄储水灌溉配合30%基肥+40%拔节肥+30%穗肥的的水氮运筹模式，可显著改善小麦生长生理特性，促进花前和花后干物质向籽粒转移，提升产量和氮素吸收效率，为缓解北方灌区农业水资源短缺与地下水生态失衡提供了可行途径。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| This study aimed to investigate the effects and differences of different nitrogen (N) fertilizer split application patterns under deep water storage irrigation on winter wheat yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization. Based on the field positioning experiment of winter wheat in 2023, five treatments were set up, including one\|time basal application of nitrogen fertilizer before sowing without deep water storage irrigation (CK), deep water storage irrigation + one\|time basal application of nitrogen fertilizer before sowing (WN1), deep water storage irrigation + 30% basal fertilizer + 70% jointing fertilizer (WN2), deep water storage irrigation + 30% basal fertilizer + 40% jointing fertilizer + 30% panicle fertilizer (WN3), and deep water storage irrigation + 30% basal fertilizer + 30% jointing fertilizer + 20% panicle fertilizer + 20% filling fertilizer (WN4). The growth and physiological characteristics, dry matter accumulation process, yield and its components, and nitrogen absorption and utilization of winter wheat were analyzed, and the yield traits and nitrogen absorption and utilization were screened for comprehensive evaluation. The results showed that compared with non\|deep water storage irrigation (CK), deep water storage irrigation significantly promoted leaf area index, SPAD value, and net photosynthetic rate of wheat. It significantly increased the contribution rate of post\|anthesis dry matter accumulation to grains by 4.61%-12.95%, grain yield by 11.30%-23.10%, and nitrogen uptake efficiency by 20.55%-48.20%. Compared with the WN1 treatment, the WN3 treatment further promoted wheat growth and physiological characteristics. Its spike number, grains per spike, 1 000-grain weight, grain yield, and nitrogen uptake efficiency increased by 2.96%, 20.76%, 8.75%, 23.10%, and 48.20%, respectively. Fitting the winter wheat dry matter growth process using the Logistic model revealed that the WN3 treatment was most conducive to promoting the transfer of pre- and post\|anthesis dry matter to grains. It increased pre\|anthesis dry matter translocation amount and post\|anthesis dry matter accumulation amount by 29.31%-60.41% and 3.06%-12.78%, respectively, through a “short\|duration but high\|efficiency” dry matter accumulation pattern. Compared with the WN3 treatment, the WN4 treatment showed a decrease in grain yield and nitrogen uptake efficiency by 9.60% and 18.65%, respectively. In summary, the water and nitrogen management mode of deep water storage irrigation combined with 30% basal fertilizer + 40% jointing fertilizer + 30% panicle fertilizer can significantly promote the growth and physiological characteristics of wheat, promote the transfer of dry matter to grains before and after anthesis, and increase the yield and nitrogen absorption efficiency, which provides a feasible way to alleviate the shortage of agricultural water resources and the ecological imbalance of groundwater in the northern irrigation areas. |
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