吕婷,史万恩,姚亚兰,张月珍,陈顺国,俞雅蓉.水氮耦合对土壤氮素动态、娃娃菜根系形态及产量形成的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2026,(4):97~109
水氮耦合对土壤氮素动态、娃娃菜根系形态及产量形成的影响
Effects of water\|nitrogen coupling on soil nitrogen dynamics, root morphology, and yield formation of baby pak choy
  
DOI：10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2026.04.10
中文关键词:  娃娃菜  水氮耦合  土壤氮素  根系形态  干物质积累  水氮利用效率
英文关键词:Brassica pekinensis L.  water\|nitrogen coupling  soil nitrogen  root morphology  dry matter accumulation  water\|nitrogen use efficiency
基金项目:甘肃省科技计划资助项目(24CXNH004)；武威市市级科技计划资助项目(WW25A01RCYC004)；武威市市级科技计划资助项目(WW25Z01NY020)
作者单位
吕婷 武威市水利科技推广中心,甘肃 武威 733000； 甘肃省武威市中心灌溉实验站,甘肃 武威 733000 
史万恩 武威市水利科技推广中心,甘肃 武威 733000； 甘肃省武威市中心灌溉实验站,甘肃 武威 733000 
姚亚兰 武威市水利科技推广中心,甘肃 武威 733000； 甘肃省武威市中心灌溉实验站,甘肃 武威 733000 
张月珍 武威市水利科技推广中心,甘肃 武威 733000； 甘肃省武威市中心灌溉实验站,甘肃 武威 733000 
陈顺国 武威市水利科技推广中心,甘肃 武威 733000； 甘肃省武威市中心灌溉实验站,甘肃 武威 733000 
俞雅蓉 武威市水利科技推广中心,甘肃 武威 733000； 甘肃省武威市中心灌溉实验站,甘肃 武威 733000 
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中文摘要:
      为探究西北寒旱区膜下滴灌条件下娃娃菜高产高效的水氮协同机制，于2024年在甘肃省武威寒旱区开展田间试验，采用裂区设计，以灌水水平为主区，生育期灌水设置高水（W1，100%常规灌水量）、中水（W2，较常规减量20%）、低水（W3，较常规减量40%）3个梯度；以施氮水平为副区，设置高氮（N1，100%常规追肥量）、中氮（N2，80%常规追肥量）、低氮（N3，60%常规追肥量）3个梯度，以当地传统水氮管理(W1N1)为对照，系统分析水氮耦合对根区土壤氮素时空分布、娃娃菜根系形态建成、干物质积累分配、经济产量及水氮利用效率的影响，并采用通径分析解析产量形成的关键驱动因子。结果表明：水氮耦合显著影响土壤无机氮的时空动态，硝态氮为主导形态，整体呈现莲座期表层累积、结球期骤降、收获期深层迁移的变化规律，其中，W2N2处理结球期20~40 cm土层硝态氮含量最低，较对照降低73.34%；收获期深层(40~60 cm)硝态氮残留较最高残留处理(W3N1)降低49.29%，可有效抑制氮素淋溶风险。根系形态方面，W2N2处理根系综合性状表现优异，收获期总根长、根表面积、根体积较对照分别提升89.44%、69.27%和22.95%。干物质积累方面，W2N2处理收获期地上部干物质积累量较对照显著提高29.82%。通径分析显示，地上部干物质积累量是决定产量的首要核心因子(直接通径系数1.552)，根表面积是唯一兼具正向直接效应(0.158)和正向间接效应(1.302)的根系性状。W2N2处理经济产量达100 605.35 kg·hm-2，较对照增产36.70%；水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力均居首位，分别较对照提高44.14%和54.80%。综合来看，W2N2处理(全生育期灌溉定额1 410 m3·hm-2+总施氮量422.1 kg·hm-2)可通过构建“根系高效吸肥—根层氮素高效利用—冠层协同生长”的良性互作体，同步实现娃娃菜增产、节水、减氮多重目标。
英文摘要:
      To investigate the synergistic mechanisms of water and nitrogen for achieving high yield and high efficiency in baby pak choy under mulched drip irrigation in the cold and arid region of Northwest China, a field experiment was conducted in 2024 in the cold\|arid area of Wuwei, Gansu Province. A split\|plot design was adopted, with irrigation level as the main plot, the growing\|season irrigation treatments comprised three gradients: high water (W1, 100% of conventional irrigation amount), medium water(W2, 20% reduction from conventional), and low water(W3, 40% reduction from conventional). Nitrogen application level was set as the sub\|plot, including three gradients: high nitrogen (N1, 100% conventional topdressing rate), medium nitrogen (N2, 80% conventional topdressing rate), and low nitrogen (N3, 60% conventional topdressing rate), with local conventional water\|nitrogen management (W1N1) as the control. The effects of water\|nitrogen coupling on the spatiotemporal distribution of soil nitrogen in the root zone, root morphology, dry matter accumulation and partitioning, economic yield, and water\|nitrogen use efficiencies were systematically analyzed, and path analysis was employed to identify the key driving factors of yield formation. The results showed that water\|nitrogen coupling significantly affected the spatiotemporal dynamics of soil inorganic nitrogen, with nitrate nitrogen being the dominant form, exhibiting a general pattern of surface accumulation at the rosette stage, a sharp decline at the heading stage, and downward migration to deeper layers at the harvest stage. Under the W2N2 treatment, the nitrate nitrogen content in the 20-40 cm soil layer at the heading stage was the lowest, being 73.34% lower than that of the control. At harvest, the residual nitrate nitrogen in the deep layer (40-60 cm) of W2N2 was 49.29% lower than that in the treatment with the highest residue (W3N1), effectively mitigating the risk of nitrogen leaching. For root morphology, the W2N2 treatment showed superior comprehensive root traits, with total root length, root surface area, and root volume at harvest increased by 89.44%, 69.27%, and 22.95%, respectively, compared with the control. Regarding dry matter accumulation, the aboveground dry matter accumulation of the W2N2 treatment at harvest was significantly increased by 29.82% relative to the control. Path analysis revealed that aboveground dry matter accumulation was the primary core factor determining yield(direct path coefficient of 1.552), while root surface area was the only root trait that exhibited both a positive direct effect (0.158) and a positive indirect effect (1.302). The W2N2 treatment achieved an economic yield of 100 605.35 kg·hm-2 for baby pak choy, representing a 36.70% increase over the control. It also ranked first in both water use efficiency and nitrogen partial factor productivity, which were increased by 44.14% and 54.80%, respectively, compared with the control. Overall, the W2N2 treatment (total irrigation quota of 1 410 m3·hm-2 over the whole growth period and total nitrogen application of 422.1 kg·hm-2) can simultaneously achieve the multiple objectives of yield increase, water saving, and nitrogen reduction in baby pak choy by establishing a beneficial synergistic system of “efficient root nutrient uptake\|efficient nitrogen utilization in the root zone\|coordinated canopy growth”.
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