| Seasonal characteristics of canopy-atmosphere ammonia exchange and its influencing factors in a winter wheat field |
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| DOI：10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2019.06.36 |
| Key Words: canopy ammonia exchange nitrate glutamine synthetase apoplast NH+4 soluble protein |
| Author Name | Affiliation | | WANG Lv | College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A＆F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China | | JING Jianyuan | Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China | | LI Huitong | College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A＆F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China | | ZHENG Tianyi | College of Life Sciences, Northwest A＆F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China | | LI Jia | College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A＆F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China | | LV Shenqiang | College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A＆F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China | | ZHOU Chunju | College of Life Sciences, Northwest A＆F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China | | WANG Linquan | College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A＆F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China |
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| Abstract: |
| This study aimed to further explore the contribution of canopy ammonia exchange to ammonia volatilization in wheat field, and to reveal the mechanism of canopy ammonia emission in agronomic and physiological perspectives. In this paper, winter wheat ‘Xiaoyan 22’ and ‘Zhengmai 366’ were used as test materials to exam the effects of NH3 exchange on NH3 volatilization in wheat field at growing seasons, the effects of dry and yellow leaves on NH3 emission, and the relationships between NH3 volatilization and nitrogen metabolism indicators including nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase activity, apoplast NH+4 and soluble protein content etc in leaves. The results showed that the NH3 was absorbed by the shoots before booting-flowering, which reduced ammonia volatilization in wheat field by 23%~40% while NH3 emission was from the shoots after the booting-flowering, which contributed to total field ammonia volatilization 17%~27%. The absorption and emission of canopy ammonia in Xiaoyan 22 were 28%~47% and 19%~68% higher than those of Zhengmai 366. Soil and canopy ammonia exchange under nitrogen application were 2.82~3.19 and 0.972~1.463 kg· hm-2 higher than that under no-nitrogen treatment. Soil and canopy ammonia exchange of fertile soil were 15.18~15.55 and 0.947~1.438 kg· hm-2 higher than that of infertile soil. The effects of dry and yellow leaves on the canopy NH3 emission were affected by variety, growth period, and soil fertility. Under fertile soil and nitrogen application (N180), wheat stubble was also sources of ammonia release after post-harvest. The canopy NH3 emission had a significantly positive linear relationship with soil temperature, apoplast NH+4 concentration, and soluble protein, and a negative linear relationship with glutamine synthetase activity and nitrate content significantly. It is concluded that the canopy absorbed ammonia from the atmosphere in the vegetative growth period of winter wheat, then it emitted ammonia during the reproduce stage, especially at late filling stage and maturity. The direction of ammonia exchange was affected by the growth period and nitrogen metabolism process, and also by wheat varieties and soil fertility. |
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