| Analysis of spatiotemporal characteristics of sunflower chilling injury in the Hetao Region over the past 43 years |
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| DOI：10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2026.03.27 |
| Key Words: sunflower chilling injury variability spatiotemporal characteristics Hetao Region |
| Author Name | Affiliation | | ZHANG Kehan | Ecological and Agricultural Meteorological Center of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010051, China | | DAI Yanbo | Ningxia Meteorological Disaster Prevention Technology Center, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750002, China | | YUE Kun | Ecological and Agricultural Meteorological Center of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010051, China | | SONG Haiqing | Ecological and Agricultural Meteorological Center of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010051, China | | DUAN Xiaofeng | Ecological and Agricultural Meteorological Center of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010051, China |
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| Abstract: |
| The frequent occurrence of chilling injury during the milk stage of sunflowers in the Hetao Region of Inner Mongolia severely constrains the growth, development, and yield improvement of sunflowers. This study integrated meteorological observation data and ERA5 reanalysis grid data of 5 national surface meteorological stations across the main sunflower\|producing areas of Hetao Region, Inner Mongolia (1980-2023). Combined with threshold values for sunflower chilling injury indicators, the methods of climate tendency analysis, Mann-Kendall mutation test, anomaly variability analysis, and MeteoInfo and Python spatial analysis were used to systematically explore the spatiotemporal distribution and variation characteristics of chilling injury in the Hetao Region sunflower milk stage. The findings showed that the average temperature during the sunflower milk stage in Hetao Region exhibited a significant upward trend from 1980 to 2023, with a climate tendency rate of 0.5 ℃·10 a-1, and this warming trend intensified markedly following a temperature mutation in 1994. With respect to chilling injury dynamics, the number of days with mild and moderate chilling injuries decreased significantly at tendency rates of -2.1 d·10 a-1 and -1.8 d·10 a-1, respectively, whereas severe chilling injuries remained relatively stable. Spatially, chilling injury occurred with higher frequency in the eastern part of the Hetao Region adjacent to the upper reaches of the Yellow River. In terms of spatial distribution, chilling injury occurred more frequently in the eastern part of the Hetao Region surrounding the upper reaches of the Yellow River. The number of days with slight chilling injury ranged from 22 to 30 days, moderate chilling injury from 12 to 24 days, and severe chilling injury from 6 to 10 days in this area, while the western and southern parts of the region were low\|value zones for chilling injury. However, chilling injury across the whole region showed a significant alleviating trend over time. From the 1980s to the 2010s, the average annual number of slight chilling injury days decreased from 26 days to 18 days; that of moderate chilling injury days dropped from 16 days to 8 days; and severe chilling injury days declined from 5 days to 2 days. Following the abrupt temperature change in 1994, the average number of chilling injury days at all severity levels was 2-4 days less than that before the abrupt change. The reduction in chilling injury had optimized the thermal conditions for sunflowers at the milky maturity stage, prolonged the grain\|filling duration, and facilitated the efficient accumulation of dry matter in grains. Meanwhile, the alleviation of low\|temperature stress can effectively reduce physiological damage to plants and the incidence of diseases and insect pests, enhance plant stress resistance, and lay a foundation for the simultaneous improvement of both the yield and quality of sunflowers. |
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